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The Harappan civilisation: discovery, extent, sites and town planning

मराठीत स्पष्टीकरण

Prehistory and the Harappan civilisation · Part 2 / 3 · Fact-checked on · how we check

Written with AI from the sources listed at the bottom of this page, then fact-checked by a separate AI.

How the Harappan cities were found and announced; the Early, Mature and Late phases; the frontier sites and spread of the civilisation; citadel, lower town, grid streets, standard bricks and drains; Mohenjo-daro and the Great Bath; Harappa and its granaries; Lothal and Dholavira in Gujarat; and Kalibangan, Banawali, Rakhigarhi, Ropar and Chanhudaro.

Each idea is explained first in Marathi (मराठी), ending with the English and Hindi exam terms, followed by the same point in exam English. UPSC Prelims is in English or Hindi, so understand it in Marathi and revise it in English.

हडप्पा संस्कृतीने भारतीय उपखंडातील पहिली शहरे वसवली. तांबे आणि त्याचे मिश्रण कांसे हे मुख्य धातू असलेल्या कांस्य युग काळात ती बहरली; मेसोपोटेमिया, इजिप्तच्या बरोबरीची मोठी संस्कृती, आणि त्यांच्यापेक्षा मोठा विस्तार. आधी उत्खनन झालेल्या हडप्पाचेच नाव दिले — गावात आधी खणलेल्या विहिरीच्या नावाने गल्लीला ओळखतात तसे. 'सिंधू संस्कृती' हे जुने नावही आहे, पण अनेक स्थळे सिंधू नदीपासून दूर, हरियाणा, पंजाब, राजस्थानात कोरड्या घग्गर-हाक्राकाठी आहेत. या भागात: शोध, काळ, विस्तार, शहररचना, मुख्य स्थळे. (→ English: Harappan civilisation · Bronze Age · हिन्दी: हड़प्पा सभ्यता · कांस्य युग)

In exam EnglishThe Harappan civilisation produced the first cities of the Indian subcontinent. It flourished in the Bronze Age, when copper and its alloy bronze were the main metals, and at its height it stood beside Mesopotamia and Egypt as one of the great early civilisations, covering a larger area than either. It is named after Harappa, the first of its cities to be excavated, following the archaeologists' habit of naming a culture after the site where it was first identified. The older name, Indus Valley civilisation, is still used, but many of its sites lie well away from the Indus, especially along the dry bed of the Ghaggar-Hakra in Haryana, Punjab and Rajasthan. This part covers how the civilisation was found, how it is dated, how far it spread, how its towns were laid out, and what the main sites show; part 3 turns to its economy, beliefs, script and decline.

हे अवशेष फार आधीच नजरेस पडले होते, पण ते किती जुने आहेत हे कोणालाच माहीत नव्हते. 1842 मध्ये चार्ल्स मॅसन यांनी हडप्पाच्या टेकाडांचे वर्णन केले; पुरातत्त्व सर्वेक्षणाचे पहिले प्रमुख अलेक्झांडर कनिंगहॅम यांनी 1875 मध्ये एक मुद्रा प्रसिद्ध केली, पण तिचे महत्त्व ओळखले नाही. 1850 च्या दशकात रेल्वे बांधणाऱ्यांनी हडप्पाच्या विटा खडीसाठी नेल्या — जुन्या देवळाचे दगड घराच्या भिंतीला वापरावे तसे. 1921 मध्ये दयाराम साहनी यांनी हडप्पा, तर 1922 मध्ये रा. दा. बॅनर्जी यांनी मोहेंजोदडो खणले. 600 किमी अंतरावरील दोन्ही ठिकाणी सारख्याच मुद्रा, विटा पाहून 1924 मध्ये जॉन मार्शल यांनी नव्या संस्कृतीची घोषणा केली. (→ English: Harappa · Mohenjo-daro · हिन्दी: हड़प्पा · मोहनजोदड़ो)

In exam EnglishThe ruins were noticed long before anyone knew how old they were. Charles Masson described the mounds of Harappa in an account of his travels published in 1842, and Alexander Cunningham, the first head of the Archaeological Survey, visited the site and published a Harappan seal in 1875 without realising what it was. Meanwhile railway builders in the 1850s carted away Harappa's ancient bricks for ballast, damaging the upper levels. Systematic digging came in the 1920s. Daya Ram Sahni excavated Harappa in 1921, and R. D. Banerji began work at Mohenjo-daro in Sindh in 1922. Seeing that the two sites, some 600 kilometres apart, shared the same seals, bricks and pottery, John Marshall, the Director General of the Survey, announced the discovery of a new civilisation in 1924.

मुख्यतः रेडिओकार्बन कालनिश्चिती मुळे या संस्कृतीचे तीन टप्पे मानतात. प्रारंभिक हडप्पा (सुमारे इ.स.पू. 3200–2600): प्रादेशिक शेतकरी संस्कृतींनी तटबंदीची गावे, कुंभाराचे चाक, तांबे वापरले — कोट दिजी, आम्री, कालीबंगनचे आधीचे थर. प्रगल्भ हडप्पा (सुमारे इ.स.पू. 2600–1900): मोठी नियोजित शहरे, एकसारख्या विटा, वजने, मुद्रा, लिपी. उत्तर हडप्पा (इ.स.पू. 1900 पासून): शहरे आकसली, गावे चालू राहिली. लहान खेडे वाढत वाढत शहर व्हावे तसे — शहरे बाहेरून अवतरली नाहीत, स्थानिक ग्रामीण जीवनातूनच वाढली. (→ English: radiocarbon dating · Mature Harappan · हिन्दी: रेडियोकार्बन काल-निर्धारण · परिपक्व हड़प्पा)

In exam EnglishThanks largely to radiocarbon dating, the civilisation is now usually divided into three phases. In the Early Harappan phase, roughly 3200 to 2600 BCE, regional farming cultures across the Indus and Ghaggar-Hakra plains built walled settlements, used potter's wheels and copper, and began to share styles; Kot Diji and Amri in Sindh and the earlier levels of Kalibangan in Rajasthan belong here. The Mature Harappan phase, about 2600 to 1900 BCE, is the age of the big planned cities, standard bricks and weights, seals and writing, spread over the whole region. The Late Harappan phase, from about 1900 BCE, saw cities shrink or be abandoned while smaller regional cultures carried on in villages. The phases matter because they show that the cities did not appear suddenly or come from outside: they grew out of centuries of local village life of the kind seen at Mehrgarh. When a question says 'Harappan civilisation' without qualification, it usually means the Mature phase.

प्रगल्भ हडप्पा संस्कृती खूप मोठ्या प्रदेशात — हिमालयाच्या पायथ्यापासून खंबायतच्या आखातापर्यंत, बलुचिस्तानपासून वरच्या गंगा-यमुना दोआबापर्यंत — पसरली. दिशांच्या टोकाची स्थळे: उत्तर — जम्मूजवळ चिनाबवर मांडा, अफगाणिस्तानातील व्यापारी ठाणे शोर्तुगाई; पश्चिम — इराण सीमेजवळ सुत्कागेन डोर; पूर्व — मेरठ जिल्ह्यात हिंडनवर आलमगीरपूर; दक्षिण — महाराष्ट्रात दायमाबाद. हजाराहून अधिक स्थळे माहीत आहेत; आता पाकिस्तानपेक्षा भारतातच जास्त — घग्गर-हाक्राकाठी आणि गुजरातमध्ये. (→ English: Mature Harappan · Alamgirpur · Sutkagen Dor · हिन्दी: परिपक्व हड़प्पा · आलमगीरपुर · सुत्कागेन डोर)

In exam EnglishThe Mature Harappan culture covered a vast area, from the edge of the Himalaya to the Gulf of Khambhat and from Balochistan to the upper Ganga-Yamuna doab. In the north, Manda stands on the Chenab near Jammu, and Shortugai, far beyond the mountains in north-eastern Afghanistan, was a trading outpost. In the west, Sutkagen Dor lies near the Makran coast of Balochistan, close to the Iranian border. In the east, Alamgirpur is on the Hindon, a tributary of the Yamuna, in Meerut district of Uttar Pradesh. In the south, Daimabad on the Pravara in Maharashtra marks the farthest reach, though its Harappan phase is a late one. Well over a thousand Harappan sites are now known. Since 1947 most new discoveries have been made in India, and today far more sites lie in India than in Pakistan, with a dense cluster along the Ghaggar-Hakra in Haryana, Punjab and Rajasthan and another in Gujarat.

या शहरांचे वेगळेपण म्हणजे त्यांची नगररचना. मोठ्या शहरांचे दोन भाग: पश्चिमेला उंच लहान टेकाड — बालेकिल्ला, मातीच्या विटांच्या चौथऱ्यावर, मोठ्या सार्वजनिक इमारतींसह; पूर्वेला मोठे खालचे शहर, तिथे बहुतेक लोक राहत. मुख्य रस्ते उत्तर–दक्षिण, पूर्व–पश्चिम काटकोनात मिळत — बुद्धिबळाच्या पटावरील घरांसारखे. विटा सर्वत्र एकाच प्रमाणात 1:2:4. रस्त्यांकडेने झाकलेली गटारे, साफसफाईसाठी मधूनमधून उघडी जागा. घरे अंगणाभोवती, अनेकांत स्वतःची विहीर, न्हाणीघर; दारे मुख्य रस्त्याकडे नव्हे, गल्ल्यांकडे. इतक्या दूरवर एकच नियम म्हणजे कुठलीतरी सत्ता असणार. (→ English: town planning · citadel · हिन्दी: नगर नियोजन · दुर्ग)

In exam EnglishWhat sets these cities apart is their town planning. The larger towns were usually built in two parts: a smaller, higher mound to the west, the citadel, raised on a platform of mud brick and holding the bigger public buildings, and a larger lower town to the east where most people lived. Main streets ran roughly north–south and east–west and met at right angles, dividing the lower town into blocks. Builders used baked and sun-dried bricks made to the same proportions, with thickness, width and length in the ratio 1:2:4, at sites hundreds of kilometres apart. Covered brick drains ran along the streets, fed by smaller drains from the houses, with openings at intervals so they could be cleaned. Houses were built around a courtyard, many had their own well and a paved bathing area, and doors usually opened onto side lanes rather than the main street. Such uniformity across a huge area points to shared rules and some form of authority that enforced them.

सिंधमधील लारकाना जिल्ह्यात सिंधू नदीकाठी मोहेंजोदडो — सर्वात मोठे, चांगले टिकलेले शहर; सिंधीत 'मृतांचा ढिगारा'. बालेकिल्ल्यावर महास्नानगृह — सुमारे 12 मी. लांब, 7 मी. रुंद, 2.4 मी. खोल, उत्तर–दक्षिण टोकांना पायऱ्या. जिप्समच्या चुन्यात विटा, मागे डांबराचा थर — पाणी झिरपत नाही. आपल्या देवळाच्या कुंडासारखे पवित्र स्नानासाठी असावे असे बहुतेकांचे मत. जवळच व्हीलर यांनी 'धान्यकोठार' म्हटलेली मोठी इमारत — आता अनेकजण तिला गोदाम/सभागृह मानतात; खांबांचे सभागृह. 'नर्तकी' कांस्यमूर्ती, 'पुरोहित-राजा' दगडी मूर्ती इथलीच. 1980 मध्ये जागतिक वारसा स्थळ. (→ English: Great Bath · World Heritage site · हिन्दी: विशाल स्नानागार · विश्व धरोहर स्थल)

In exam EnglishMohenjo-daro, on the Indus in the Larkana district of Sindh, is the largest and best preserved of the cities; its name means 'mound of the dead' in Sindhi. On its citadel stands the Great Bath, a rectangular tank about 12 metres long, 7 metres wide and 2.4 metres deep, reached by flights of steps at the north and south ends. To stop leaks, the builders packed the bricks tightly in a gypsum mortar and sealed the outer side with bitumen, and a ring of rooms and a corridor enclosed the tank. Most scholars think it was used for ritual bathing. Near it lies a massive building on a brick platform that Wheeler called the great granary, though many archaeologists now prefer to see it as a large hall or warehouse, and in the southern part of the citadel there is a pillared hall that may have been used for meetings. Famous finds from Mohenjo-daro include the bronze figure known as the 'dancing girl' and the stone bust called the 'priest-king'. The ruins were inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1980.

हडप्पा पाकिस्तानी पंजाबमधील साहिवाल जिल्ह्यात रावीच्या जुन्या पात्रावर आहे. विटांच्या चोरीमुळे वरचे थर खूप खराब झाले, तरी पश्चिमेला बालेकिल्ला, खालचे शहर अशीच रचना. बालेकिल्ल्याच्या उत्तरेला जुन्या नदीकाठाजवळ उंच चौथऱ्यावर दोन रांगांत सहा-सहा विटांच्या खोल्या — धान्यकोठारे म्हणून ओळखली; जवळच धान्य मळण्यासाठी गोल विटांचे चौथरे, मजुरांची घरे असावीत अशा लहान घरांच्या रांगा. आपल्या खळ्याजवळ कणगी आणि सालदारांच्या झोपड्या असतात तसे. प्रगल्भ टप्प्याची स्मशानभूमी, नंतरची 'स्मशानभूमी एच' — उत्तर हडप्पा संस्कृतीची. एकाच ठिकाणी संपूर्ण कथा दिसते. (→ English: Harappa · Cemetery H · हिन्दी: हड़प्पा · क़ब्रिस्तान एच)

In exam EnglishHarappa lies on an old course of the Ravi in Sahiwal district of Pakistani Punjab. Brick robbing damaged its upper levels badly, so it is less complete than Mohenjo-daro, but it shows the same plan of a western citadel mound and lower town. To the north of the citadel, near the old river bank, excavators found two rows of brick-built units on a raised platform, six units in each row, which they identified as granaries; close by were circular brick platforms, probably for threshing grain, and rows of small houses that may have been workers' quarters. Harappa also has a cemetery of the Mature phase and a later one, known as Cemetery H, which belongs to the Late Harappan culture that followed. Because Harappa has been dug over a century, with layers from the early village to the late phase, it is one of the best places to follow the whole story of the civilisation in one spot.

गुजरातमध्ये वैशिष्ट्यपूर्ण स्थळे आहेत. अहमदाबाद जिल्ह्यात खंबायतच्या आखाताजवळ लोथलचे उत्खनन 1955 पासून एस. आर. राव यांनी केले. पूर्वेला कालव्याने नदीला जोडलेला मोठा विटांचा हौद — राव यांनी त्याला नावांची गोदी म्हटले; काहीजण त्याला जलाशय मानतात, पण साधारणपणे गोदीच शिकवली जाते. मणी बनवण्याचा कारखाना, उंच गोदामही. कच्छच्या रणातील खदीर बेट बेटावर धोलावीराचे उत्खनन 1990 पासून आर. एस. बिश्त यांनी केले. तीन भाग — बालेकिल्ला, मधले शहर, खालचे शहर; बहुतेक दगडात. वाळवंटात पावसाचे पाणी अडवण्यासाठी मोठे जलाशय, बंधारे — आपल्या तलावांसारखे. उत्तर दरवाजाजवळ दहा मोठ्या चिन्हांचा 'फलक'. 2021 मध्ये जागतिक वारसा स्थळ. सुरकोटडा, रंगपूर ही इतर स्थळे. (→ English: dockyard · World Heritage site · Dholavira · हिन्दी: गोदीवाड़ा · विश्व धरोहर स्थल · धौलावीरा)

In exam EnglishGujarat has some of the most distinctive sites. Lothal, near the Gulf of Khambhat in Ahmedabad district, was excavated by S. R. Rao from 1955. On its eastern side lies a large brick-lined basin joined by a channel to a river, which Rao identified as a dockyard for boats; some scholars think it was a reservoir, but the dockyard reading is the one usually taught. Lothal also had a bead-making workshop and a warehouse on a high platform. Dholavira, on Khadir Bet island in the Great Rann of Kutch, was excavated by R. S. Bisht of the Archaeological Survey from 1990. Unlike most cities it has three parts, a citadel, a middle town and a lower town, and it is built largely of stone. Its people cut large reservoirs and built channels and dams to catch the water of two seasonal streams, and near its north gate lay an inscription of ten large Harappan signs, often called the signboard. 'Dholavira: a Harappan City' became India's first Harappan World Heritage site in 2021. Surkotada in Kutch and Rangpur in Saurashtra are other Gujarat sites.

उत्तरेकडे राजस्थान, हरियाणा, पंजाब, सिंधमधील स्थळे. राजस्थानच्या हनुमानगड जिल्ह्यात कोरड्या घग्गरवर कालीबंगनचे उत्खनन 1960 च्या दशकात बी. बी. लाल आणि बी. के. थापर यांनी केले; नावाचा अर्थ 'काळ्या बांगड्या' — टेकाडांवर बांगड्यांचे तुकडे विखुरलेले. प्रारंभिक हडप्पा थरात एकमेकांना छेदणाऱ्या तासांचे नांगरलेले शेत; प्रगल्भ टप्प्यात बालेकिल्ल्यावर अग्निकुंडांची रांग; इथे खालच्या शहरालाही स्वतःची भिंत. बनावली येथे मातीच्या नांगराची प्रतिकृती; हिसार जिल्ह्यातील राखीगढी भारतातील सर्वात मोठ्या स्थळांपैकी; सतलजवर रोपड — स्वातंत्र्यानंतर उत्खनन झालेले पहिले. सिंधमध्ये चन्हुदडोला बालेकिल्लाच नव्हता — मणी, मुद्रा बनवण्याचे केंद्र, सगळे गावच एका कारागीर आळीसारखे. कोट दिजी — प्रारंभिक हडप्पा तटबंदीचे गाव. (→ English: Kalibangan · Chanhudaro · citadel · हिन्दी: कालीबंगा · चन्हूदड़ो · दुर्ग)

In exam EnglishFurther north lie the sites of Rajasthan, Haryana, Punjab and Sindh. Kalibangan, on the dry bed of the Ghaggar in Hanumangarh district of Rajasthan, was excavated by B. B. Lal and B. K. Thapar in the 1960s; its name means 'black bangles', after the bangle pieces strewn over its mounds. Its Early Harappan level has a ploughed field marked by furrows crossing one another, and in the Mature phase a row of fire altars stood on the citadel; here the lower town too had its own wall. Banawali in Fatehabad district of Haryana yielded a terracotta model of a plough. Rakhigarhi in Hisar district of Haryana is among the largest Harappan sites in India. Ropar on the Sutlej in Punjab was the first Harappan site excavated after Independence, in the 1950s. In Sindh, Chanhudaro, south of Mohenjo-daro, had no citadel at all and was a busy centre for making beads and seals, while Kot Diji is known for its fortified Early Harappan settlement.
Major Harappan sites
SitePresent locationRiver or settingRemember it for
HarappaSahiwal district, Punjab (Pakistan)Old course of the RaviFirst site excavated (1921); granaries and working platforms; Cemetery H
Mohenjo-daroLarkana district, Sindh (Pakistan)IndusGreat Bath; large hall or 'granary'; 'dancing girl'; World Heritage site 1980
ChanhudaroSindh (Pakistan)IndusNo citadel; bead and seal making
KalibanganHanumangarh district, RajasthanGhaggarEarly ploughed field; fire altars; walled lower town
BanawaliFatehabad district, HaryanaGhaggar basinTerracotta plough model
RakhigarhiHisar district, HaryanaGhaggar basinAmong the largest Harappan sites in India
RoparRupnagar district, PunjabSutlejFirst Harappan site excavated after Independence
LothalAhmedabad district, GujaratNear the Gulf of KhambhatDockyard; bead workshop
DholaviraKutch district, GujaratKhadir Bet, Great Rann of KutchThree-part plan; reservoirs; signboard; World Heritage site 2021

एकत्र पाहिले तर या स्थळांत समान आराखडा आणि स्थानिक वैविध्य दोन्ही दिसतात. शेकडो किलोमीटरवर एकाच प्रमाणाच्या विटा, जाळीसारखे रस्ते, झाकलेली गटारे, उंच बालेकिल्ला वेगळा — म्हणून ही एकच संस्कृती. एकच पदार्थ प्रत्येक घरी थोड्या वेगळ्या चवीने बनतो तसे — धोलावीरा दगडात, तीन भाग, पाणीसाठ्यासह; लोथल समुद्राकाठचे व्यापारी केंद्र; चन्हुदडोला बालेकिल्ला नाही; कालीबंगनमध्ये खालच्या शहरालाही भिंत. हडप्पा संस्कृती अन्न, व्यापार, श्रद्धा, लिपी, ऱ्हास — पुढचा भाग. (→ English: Harappan civilisation · हिन्दी: हड़प्पा सभ्यता)

In exam EnglishTaken together, the sites show both a common pattern and real local variety. Across hundreds of kilometres people used bricks of the same proportions, laid out streets in a grid, built covered drains and often separated a raised citadel from a lower town, which is why the Harappan world is described as one civilisation and not a set of unrelated towns. Yet each place adapted the pattern to its setting: Dholavira was built in stone with three parts and elaborate water storage for a dry island, Lothal was a craft and trading centre beside the sea, Chanhudaro had no citadel, and Kalibangan walled its lower town as well as its citadel. How these cities fed themselves, what they made and traded, what they believed, what their script was like and why the cities faded away are the subject of part 3.

Exam traps

Recap

Practice questions

Q1. Who excavated Harappa in 1921, the first Harappan city to be dug systematically?

  1. R. D. Banerji
  2. Daya Ram Sahni
  3. John Marshall
  4. Mortimer Wheeler
Show answer

Answer: B. Daya Ram Sahni

Daya Ram Sahni excavated Harappa in 1921. R. D. Banerji (a) began at Mohenjo-daro in 1922; John Marshall (c) was the Director General who announced the civilisation in 1924; Mortimer Wheeler (d) excavated in the 1940s.

Q2. Consider the following pairs:
Harappan site : State
1. Kalibangan : Rajasthan
2. Banawali : Haryana
3. Lothal : Gujarat
4. Ropar : Haryana
How many of the pairs given above are correctly matched?

  1. Only one
  2. Only two
  3. Only three
  4. All four
Show answer

Answer: C. Only three

Pairs 1, 2 and 3 are correct. Ropar lies on the Sutlej in Punjab, not Haryana, so pair 4 is wrong; that rules out 'all four', and since three pairs are right, 'only one' and 'only two' are wrong too.

Q3. With reference to Dholavira, consider the following statements:
1. The city was divided into three parts: a citadel, a middle town and a lower town.
2. It is located in Saurashtra on the coast of the Gulf of Khambhat.
3. It was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage site in 2021.
Which of the statements given above are correct?

  1. 1 and 2 only
  2. 2 and 3 only
  3. 1 and 3 only
  4. 1, 2 and 3
Show answer

Answer: C. 1 and 3 only

1 and 3 are correct. Dholavira is on Khadir Bet island in the Great Rann of Kutch; the site near the Gulf of Khambhat is Lothal, so statement 2 is wrong. Every option that includes 2, namely (a), (b) and (d), is therefore wrong.

Q4. Which one of the following Harappan cities had no citadel?

  1. Kalibangan
  2. Mohenjo-daro
  3. Chanhudaro
  4. Harappa
Show answer

Answer: C. Chanhudaro

Chanhudaro, a bead- and seal-making centre in Sindh, had no citadel. Kalibangan (a), Mohenjo-daro (b) and Harappa (d) all had a raised citadel separate from the lower town.

Q5. With reference to Harappan town planning, consider the following statements:
1. Bricks of the same proportions, in the ratio 1:2:4, were used at sites far apart from each other.
2. Houses usually had large windows and doors opening directly onto the main streets.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

  1. 1 only
  2. 2 only
  3. Both 1 and 2
  4. Neither 1 nor 2
Show answer

Answer: A. 1 only

Only 1 is correct. Harappan house doors usually opened onto side lanes, not the main streets, so statement 2 is wrong; hence (b) and (c) are wrong, and (d) is wrong because statement 1 is correct.

Q6. Consider the following pairs:
Harappan site : Present-day location
1. Shortugai : Afghanistan
2. Alamgirpur : Uttar Pradesh
3. Sutkagen Dor : Gujarat
Which of the pairs given above are correctly matched?

  1. 1 and 2 only
  2. 2 and 3 only
  3. 1 and 3 only
  4. 1, 2 and 3
Show answer

Answer: A. 1 and 2 only

1 and 2 are correct. Sutkagen Dor is the westernmost Harappan site, near the Makran coast of Balochistan in Pakistan, not in Gujarat, so pair 3 is wrong; options (b), (c) and (d) all include it.

Q7. With reference to the Great Bath, consider the following statements:
1. It lies in the lower town of Harappa.
2. Its bricks were set in gypsum mortar and backed by a layer of bitumen to keep water in.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

  1. 1 only
  2. 2 only
  3. Both 1 and 2
  4. Neither 1 nor 2
Show answer

Answer: B. 2 only

Only 2 is correct. The Great Bath is on the citadel of Mohenjo-daro, not in the lower town of Harappa, so statement 1 is wrong and (a) and (c) are wrong; (d) is wrong because statement 2 is correct.

Q8. A field with furrows crossing one another, from the Early Harappan level, has been found at

  1. Lothal
  2. Banawali
  3. Kalibangan
  4. Dholavira
Show answer

Answer: C. Kalibangan

The ploughed field is at Kalibangan in Rajasthan. Banawali (b) gave a terracotta plough model, not a field; Lothal (a) is known for its dockyard and Dholavira (d) for its three-part plan and reservoirs.

← Part 1All partsNext: Part 3 →

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