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Biodiversity and wildlife treaties

मराठीत स्पष्टीकरण

International environmental conventions · Part 1 / 2 · Fact-checked on · how we check

Written with AI from the sources listed at the bottom of this page, then fact-checked by a separate AI.

How environmental treaties are built and where they came from; the Convention on Biological Diversity, the Cartagena and Nagoya Protocols, the Aichi targets and the Kunming-Montreal framework; CITES and its appendices; the Convention on Migratory Species; the Ramsar Convention; the whaling convention.

Each idea is explained first in Marathi (मराठी), ending with the English and Hindi exam terms, followed by the same point in exam English. UPSC Prelims is in English or Hindi, so understand it in Marathi and revise it in English.

पक्ष्यांना पासपोर्ट लागत नाही; एक स्थलांतरित पक्षी दहा देशांवरून उडतो. म्हणून देशांनी मिळून करार केले. या भागात सजीवांविषयीचे करार: जैवविविधता करार, त्याचे दोन प्रोटोकॉल, जागतिक लक्ष्ये, वन्यजीव व्यापार, स्थलांतर, पाणथळ जागा आणि देवमाशांचे करार. रसायने आणि जमीन पुढच्या भागात. (→ English: Convention on Biological Diversity; CITES; CMS; Ramsar · हिन्दी: जैव विविधता अभिसमय; साइटीज़; CMS; रामसर)

In exam EnglishMany environmental problems cross borders: migratory birds fly over a dozen countries, wildlife parts are smuggled from one continent to another, and the genes of a forest plant can end up in a medicine made abroad. Countries have answered with treaties. This chapter is the map of those treaties, in two parts. This first part covers the living world: the Convention on Biological Diversity and its two protocols, the global biodiversity targets, and the older wildlife treaties on trade (CITES), migration (CMS), wetlands (Ramsar) and whaling. Part 2 covers chemicals, waste and land, and the bodies such as UNEP and IUCN behind them.

करार म्हणजे घर बांधण्यासारखे: आधी पायासारखा आराखडा करार, मग खोल्यांसारखे प्रोटोकॉल. सही केली की फक्त 'करीन' असा शब्द; मान्यता दिल्यावरच बंधन. प्रत्येक कराराची पक्षकारांची परिषद आणि एक सचिवालय असते. 1972 च्या स्टॉकहोम परिषदेतून UNEP जन्मला, 5 जून पर्यावरण दिन झाला. 1992 मध्ये रिओत तीन करारांचा मार्ग खुला झाला. (→ English: framework convention; protocol; ratification; Conference of the Parties; Rio conventions · हिन्दी: ढाँचा अभिसमय; प्रोटोकॉल; अनुसमर्थन; पक्षकारों का सम्मेलन; रियो अभिसमय)

In exam EnglishMost environmental treaties share one design. A framework convention sets out aims, principles and institutions, and later protocols add detailed rules. A country first signs a treaty, showing intent, and is bound only once it ratifies or accedes. Each treaty has a Conference of the Parties that meets regularly to take decisions and a secretariat that runs the work between meetings. The modern system began with the UN Conference on the Human Environment at Stockholm in June 1972, which led to the creation of UNEP; 5 June, its opening day, became World Environment Day. Twenty years later the Earth Summit at Rio de Janeiro (June 1992) opened two treaties for signature, the climate convention and the biodiversity convention, and started talks on a third, on desertification; together these are called the three Rio conventions.

जैवविविधता करार तीन शब्दांत: जपा, शहाणपणाने वापरा, लाभ न्यायाने वाटा. आधी जंगलातील वनस्पती कोणीही नेऊ शकेल अशी सामायिक मालमत्ता मानली जायची; आता ती त्या देशाची, आपल्या परसातला आंबा आपलाच तसे. प्रत्येक देशाने आपली जैवविविधता जपण्याचा आराखडा लिहायचा. अमेरिका सदस्य नाही; आपला देश 1994 मध्ये सामील झाला आणि 2002 चा कायदा आणला. (→ English: Convention on Biological Diversity; biodiversity; sovereign rights; national biodiversity strategy and action plan · हिन्दी: जैव विविधता अभिसमय; जैव विविधता; संप्रभु अधिकार; राष्ट्रीय जैव विविधता रणनीति और कार्य योजना)

In exam EnglishThe Convention on Biological Diversity was adopted at Nairobi on 22 May 1992, a date now marked as the International Day for Biological Diversity, opened for signature at Rio on 5 June 1992 and entered into force on 29 December 1993. Article 1 gives it three objectives: the conservation of biodiversity, the sustainable use of its components, and the fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the use of genetic resources. Before the convention, plants and microbes were often treated as a common heritage that anyone could collect; Article 15 instead confirms that states have sovereign rights over their genetic resources. Each party must prepare a national biodiversity strategy and action plan, and protect species both in their habitats and outside them. The secretariat is in Montreal. The United States signed but never ratified. India ratified in 1994 and passed the Biological Diversity Act, 2002 to carry the convention into national law.

जैवसुरक्षेवरील कार्टाजेना प्रोटोकॉल म्हणजे जनुकीय सुधारित सजीव एका देशातून दुसऱ्या देशात जाताना पाळायचा नियम. शेतात पेरण्यासाठी नव्या प्रकारचे बियाणे पाठवण्याआधी आयात करणाऱ्या देशाला आधी सांगून 'हो' मिळवायचा, घरी नवी व्यक्ती आणण्याआधी वडीलधाऱ्यांना विचारतो तसे. खाण्याच्या धान्यासाठी सोपी पद्धत. हानी पूर्ण सिद्ध झाली नाही तरी सावधगिरीचे तत्त्व वापरून 'नको' म्हणता येते. (→ English: Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety; living modified organism; advance informed agreement; precautionary principle · हिन्दी: जैव सुरक्षा पर कार्टाजेना प्रोटोकॉल; जीवित संशोधित जीव; अग्रिम सूचित सहमति; एहतियाती सिद्धांत)

In exam EnglishThe first protocol under the CBD deals with biotechnology. The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety was adopted in Montreal on 29 January 2000 and entered into force on 11 September 2003. It governs the movement across borders of a living modified organism, meaning a living organism with a new combination of genetic material made through modern biotechnology, such as a genetically engineered seed. Before the first shipment of an organism meant to be released into the environment, the importing country must be told in advance and must give its consent: the advance informed agreement procedure. Organisms meant for food, feed or processing, such as modified grain, follow a lighter procedure. The protocol lets countries act on the precautionary principle, refusing an import even without full scientific certainty about harm, and information is shared through a Biosafety Clearing-House. A supplementary protocol on liability and redress, agreed at Nagoya and Kuala Lumpur in 2010, entered into force in 2018.

नागोया प्रोटोकॉल म्हणजे उपलब्धता आणि लाभ वाटप याचा नियम. एखाद्या परदेशी कंपनीला आपल्या जंगलातील वनस्पतीपासून औषध बनवायचे असेल, तर आधी आपल्या देशाची परवानगी घ्यायची आणि लाभ कसा वाटायचा याचा करार करायचा. त्या वनस्पतीचा उपयोग एखाद्या आदिवासी समाजाला माहीत असलेले ज्ञान असेल, तर त्यांनाही वाटा. आजीच्या घरगुती उपायाचे कोणी पेटंट घेतले तर ती लूट; हळदीचे पेटंट रद्द झाले ते असेच. (→ English: Nagoya Protocol; access and benefit sharing; prior informed consent; mutually agreed terms; biopiracy · हिन्दी: नागोया प्रोटोकॉल; पहुँच और लाभ साझेदारी; पूर्व सूचित सहमति; पारस्परिक रूप से सहमत शर्तें; जैव-दस्युता)

In exam EnglishThe second protocol puts the CBD's third objective into practice. The Nagoya Protocol on access and benefit sharing was adopted at COP10 in Nagoya, Japan, on 29 October 2010 and entered into force on 12 October 2014. A company or researcher who wants to use a country's genetic resources must first obtain that country's prior informed consent and agree mutually agreed terms on how benefits will be shared. Where the resource comes with the traditional knowledge of indigenous and local communities, their consent and a share of benefits are required too. The problem it targets is biopiracy: in 1997, for instance, a US patent on using turmeric to heal wounds was revoked after India's Council of Scientific and Industrial Research showed the use was already known. India ratified the protocol in 2012, the year it hosted COP11 of the CBD at Hyderabad, and applies it through the National Biodiversity Authority.

देशांनी मिळून लक्ष्ये ठरवली. 2010 मध्ये वीस आइची लक्ष्ये; 2020 पर्यंत एकही पूर्ण झाले नाही, परीक्षेत वीसपैकी एकाही प्रश्नाला पूर्ण गुण न मिळाल्यासारखे. 2022 मध्ये नवा आराखडा: 2030 पर्यंत जमीन आणि समुद्र दोन्हींत 30 टक्के संरक्षण, ऱ्हास झालेल्या निसर्गापैकी 30 टक्के पुनर्संचयित, हानिकारक अनुदाने कमी. 2024 मध्ये कालीत जनुकीय माहितीच्या वापराच्या लाभासाठी निधी. (→ English: Aichi Biodiversity Targets; Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework; 30 by 30; Cali Fund · हिन्दी: आइची जैव विविधता लक्ष्य; कुनमिंग-मॉन्ट्रियल वैश्विक जैव विविधता ढाँचा; 30 बाय 30; कैली कोष)

In exam EnglishThe CBD's parties also set shared targets. At the same Nagoya meeting in 2010 they adopted a Strategic Plan for 2011–2020 with twenty Aichi Biodiversity Targets; Target 11 asked for at least 17 per cent of land and inland waters and 10 per cent of coastal and marine areas to be protected. The convention's own Global Biodiversity Outlook of 2020 found that none of the twenty had been fully met. Their successor, the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, was adopted at COP15 in Montreal in December 2022, with China presiding. It has four goals for 2050 and 23 targets for 2030, the best known being '30 by 30': conserving at least 30 per cent of land and inland waters and 30 per cent of coastal and marine areas by 2030. Other targets include restoring 30 per cent of degraded ecosystems and cutting harmful subsidies by at least 500 billion US dollars a year. COP16 at Cali, Colombia (2024) set up the Cali Fund for sharing benefits from digital genetic sequence data.

साइटीज म्हणजे वन्य जीवांच्या आंतरराष्ट्रीय व्यापारावरचा पहारा. देशाच्या आतली शिकार हे त्याचे काम नाही; सीमा ओलांडतानाच त्याचा नियम. हस्तिदंत, वाघाचे कातडे, दुर्मीळ लाकूड काहीही असो, योग्य कागदपत्रे असतील तरच सीमा ओलांडायची, प्रवाशाला पासपोर्ट आणि व्हिसा लागतो तसे. प्रजाती तीन परिशिष्टांत असतात. आपला देश 1976 मध्ये सामील झाला; 2022 च्या वन्यजीव कायदा दुरुस्तीत त्यासाठी नवी अनुसूची आली. (→ English: CITES; Appendices I, II and III; permits; Wild Life (Protection) Act · हिन्दी: साइटीज़; परिशिष्ट I, II और III; परमिट; वन्य जीव (संरक्षण) अधिनियम)

In exam EnglishCITES, the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, is older and narrower. It was signed in Washington on 3 March 1973, now World Wildlife Day, and entered into force on 1 July 1975. It regulates only international trade, not hunting or habitat inside a country, and it works through permits: a listed specimen, alive or dead, whole or a part such as ivory, skin or timber, may cross a border only with the right papers. Species are placed in three appendices (see the table). Appendices I and II are amended by a two-thirds vote of the Conference of the Parties; a single party can list a species in Appendix III on its own. The secretariat in Geneva is administered by UNEP. India joined in 1976, and the 2022 amendment to the Wild Life (Protection) Act added a schedule for specimens listed under CITES.

तीन परिशिष्टे म्हणजे रुग्णालयातील रुग्णांसारखी. पहिले अतिदक्षता विभाग: वाघ, हत्ती, समुद्री कासवे; व्यापार जवळजवळ बंद, निर्यात आणि आयात दोन्ही परवाने लागतात. दुसरे साधा वॉर्ड: आत्ता धोका नसला तरी काळजी हवी; निर्यात करणाऱ्या देशाने 'हानी नाही' म्हटले की पुरे. तिसरे: एखादा देश आपल्या प्राण्यासाठी इतरांची मदत मागतो. (→ English: Appendix I; Appendix II; Appendix III; export permit; import permit · हिन्दी: परिशिष्ट I; परिशिष्ट II; परिशिष्ट III; निर्यात परमिट; आयात परमिट)

In exam EnglishThe three appendices are graded by risk. Appendix I holds species threatened with extinction, such as tigers, Asian elephants and all sea turtles; commercial trade in wild specimens is in principle banned, and any trade needs both an export permit and an import permit. Appendix II holds species not necessarily threatened now but that could become so unless trade is controlled, along with look-alike species that are hard to tell apart from threatened ones; trade is allowed with an export permit issued after the exporting country finds it will not harm the species' survival. Appendix III holds species that one country protects and for which it asks other parties for help in controlling trade.
The three appendices of CITES
AppendixWhich speciesTrade rule
IThreatened with extinction (e.g. tiger, Asian elephant, sea turtles)Commercial trade in wild specimens banned in principle; export and import permits
IINot necessarily threatened now, but could be without control; look-alike speciesAllowed with an export permit after a no-harm finding
IIIProtected by one party that asks others for helpListed by that party alone; export permit or certificate of origin

एका देशात जपलेला पक्षी शेजारच्या देशात मारला गेला तर काय उपयोग; गावच्या तळ्याजवळ आपण जपलेला बगळा शेजारच्या गावात मारला तसे. म्हणून स्थलांतरित प्रजाती करार. पहिल्या परिशिष्टातील प्राण्यांना पकडायला बंदी; दुसऱ्यासाठी देशांमध्ये वेगळे करार. आपल्या देशाने 2020 मध्ये गांधीनगरला परिषद भरवली; माळढोक, आशियाई हत्ती आणि बंगाल तणमोर पहिल्या परिशिष्टात आले. (→ English: Convention on Migratory Species; Bonn Convention; range states; memorandum of understanding · हिन्दी: प्रवासी प्रजाति अभिसमय; बॉन अभिसमय; क्षेत्रीय राज्य; समझौता ज्ञापन)

In exam EnglishTrade is one threat; migration brings another, because an animal protected in one country can be shot or lose its stopover site in the next. The Convention on Migratory Species, also called the Bonn Convention, was signed at Bonn on 23 June 1979 and entered into force on 1 November 1983. Appendix I lists migratory species that are endangered, and range states must strictly protect them, prohibiting their taking and conserving their habitats. Appendix II lists species that need international cooperation; for these the convention encourages range states to make separate agreements, some legally binding and many as non-binding memoranda of understanding. Its secretariat in Bonn is administered by UNEP. India has been a party since 1983 and hosted COP13 at Gandhinagar in February 2020, where the Great Indian Bustard, the Asian elephant and the Bengal florican were added to Appendix I.

रामसर करार पाणथळ जागा यांच्यासाठी, 1971 मध्ये इराणमध्ये; हा संयुक्त राष्ट्रांचा करार नाही. तीन स्तंभ: सर्व पाणथळ जागांचा शहाणपणाने वापर, महत्त्वाच्या जागा यादीत टाकणे, आणि सीमापार सहकार्य. शहाणपणाने वापर म्हणजे कुलूप लावणे नव्हे; तलावात मासेमारी चालू राहू शकते, तलावाचे आरोग्य न बिघडवता. एखादे स्थळ बिघडले तर माँट्रो नोंदवही मध्ये टाकतात, रुग्णाला विशेष देखरेखीत ठेवतात तसे. (→ English: Ramsar Convention; wetland; wise use; Ramsar site; Montreux Record · हिन्दी: रामसर अभिसमय; आर्द्रभूमि; विवेकपूर्ण उपयोग; रामसर स्थल; मॉन्ट्रो रिकॉर्ड)

In exam EnglishThe Ramsar Convention, the Convention on Wetlands, is one of the oldest of the modern global environmental treaties. It was signed at Ramsar, Iran, on 2 February 1971, now World Wetlands Day, and entered into force on 21 December 1975. It is not a UN treaty; its secretariat sits in Gland, Switzerland, alongside IUCN. Parties accept three pillars: the wise use of every wetland in their territory, not only listed ones; designating suitable wetlands for the List of Wetlands of International Importance, whose entries are called Ramsar sites; and cooperating across borders. Wise use does not mean locking wetlands away; fishing, grazing or tourism can continue if the wetland's ecological character is kept. Where a listed site's character has changed or is likely to change because of human activity, it can be placed on the Montreux Record, a register of sites needing priority attention. India joined on 1 February 1982; its sites and their number are taught in the protected areas chapter.

देवमाशांचा करार 1946 मध्ये शिकार उद्योगासाठी जन्मला, नंतर संवर्धनाकडे वळला: 1986 पासून व्यावसायिक शिकारीला विराम. काहींनी 'संशोधन' नावाने शिकार चालू ठेवली; जपानने 2019 मध्ये आयोग सोडला. 1972 चा UNESCO जागतिक वारसा करार मंदिरे, जंगले अशा अनमोल स्थळांसाठी; तो वन्यजीव करार नाही. (→ English: International Whaling Commission; moratorium on commercial whaling; World Heritage Convention · हिन्दी: अंतरराष्ट्रीय व्हेल आयोग; व्यावसायिक व्हेल शिकार पर विराम; विश्व धरोहर अभिसमय)

In exam EnglishTwo more treaties complete the picture. The International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling was signed in Washington in 1946 and set up the International Whaling Commission. Founded to manage whale stocks for the whaling industry, the Commission later turned towards conservation: in 1982 it agreed a pause on commercial whaling, which took effect from the 1986 season and still stands. Countries have found ways around it, through objections and permits for so-called scientific whaling, and Japan left the Commission in 2019 to resume commercial hunting in its own waters. The World Heritage Convention of 1972, run by UNESCO, protects cultural and natural sites of outstanding universal value; it is a heritage treaty rather than a wildlife treaty, though many natural sites are national parks, and India's sites are covered in the protected areas chapter.

एकूण पाहिले तर कामाची वाटणी झाली. जैवविविधता करार ही मोठी छत्री; जैवसुरक्षेवरील कार्टाजेना प्रोटोकॉल सुधारित सजीवांच्या धोक्यापासून वाचवतो, नागोया प्रोटोकॉल लाभ न्यायाने वाटला जाईल हे पाहतो. साइटीज सीमेवरचा पहारेकरी, स्थलांतरित प्रजाती करार प्रवास करणाऱ्या प्राण्यांचा सोबती, रामसर करार पाणथळ जागांचा रक्षक. आपला देश सगळ्यांचा सदस्य आहे. (→ English: Convention on Biological Diversity; Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety; Nagoya Protocol; CITES; Convention on Migratory Species; Ramsar Convention · हिन्दी: जैव विविधता अभिसमय; जैव सुरक्षा पर कार्टाजेना प्रोटोकॉल; नागोया प्रोटोकॉल; साइटीज़; प्रवासी प्रजाति अभिसमय; रामसर अभिसमय)

In exam EnglishTaken together, these treaties divide the work. The Convention on Biological Diversity is the broad umbrella for all life, with the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety guarding against risks from modified organisms and the Nagoya Protocol making sure that those who use genetic resources share the gains; its targets, from Aichi to 30 by 30, set the direction. CITES polices the border, the Convention on Migratory Species follows animals across their range, and the Ramsar Convention looks after one kind of habitat. India is a party to all of them, carrying them into law through the Biological Diversity Act and the Wild Life (Protection) Act. Part 2 turns to the treaties that keep harmful chemicals and waste in check and to the bodies that support the whole system.
Biodiversity and wildlife treaties compared
TreatySigned or adoptedIn forceFocusIndia
Ramsar Convention1971, Ramsar (Iran)1975Wetlands1982
CITES1973, Washington1975International wildlife trade1976
CMS (Bonn)1979, Bonn1983Migratory species1983
CBD1992, Nairobi; opened at Rio1993Conservation, sustainable use, benefit sharing1994
Cartagena Protocol2000, Montreal2003Living modified organismsParty
Nagoya Protocol2010, Nagoya2014Access and benefit sharing2012

Exam traps

Recap

Practice questions

Q1. Consider the following statements about the Convention on Biological Diversity:
1. One of its objectives is the fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the use of genetic resources.
2. It declares genetic resources to be the common heritage of mankind, free for all to collect.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

  1. 1 only
  2. 2 only
  3. Both 1 and 2
  4. Neither 1 nor 2
Show answer

Answer: A. 1 only

Statement 1 is correct: benefit sharing is the third objective in Article 1. Statement 2 is wrong: Article 15 recognises the sovereign rights of states over their genetic resources, reversing the older 'common heritage' view. Option 2 picks the false statement, option 3 includes it, and option 4 rejects the true statement 1.

Q2. The Cartagena Protocol deals mainly with:

  1. access to genetic resources and the sharing of benefits
  2. the safe transboundary movement of living modified organisms
  3. trade in endangered wild animals and plants
  4. the movement of hazardous wastes across borders
Show answer

Answer: B. the safe transboundary movement of living modified organisms

The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety governs living modified organisms through the advance informed agreement procedure. Access and benefit sharing is the Nagoya Protocol; trade in endangered species is CITES; hazardous waste movement is the Basel Convention.

Q3. With reference to the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, the target known as '30 by 30' refers to:

  1. cutting harmful subsidies by 30 per cent by 2030
  2. conserving at least 30 per cent of land and inland waters and 30 per cent of coastal and marine areas by 2030
  3. planting 30 billion trees by 2030
  4. reducing species extinction rates by 30 per cent by 2030
Show answer

Answer: B. conserving at least 30 per cent of land and inland waters and 30 per cent of coastal and marine areas by 2030

Target 3 of the framework (2022) is to conserve at least 30 per cent of land and inland waters and of coastal and marine areas by 2030. The subsidy target is a cut of at least 500 billion US dollars a year, not 30 per cent; there is no 30-billion-tree target; and the extinction goal is not framed as a 30 per cent cut.

Q4. Consider the following statements about CITES:
1. It regulates the hunting of wild animals within the territory of a party.
2. International trade in an Appendix I species requires both an export permit and an import permit.
3. A single party can list a species in Appendix III without a vote of the Conference of the Parties.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

  1. 1 and 2 only
  2. 2 and 3 only
  3. 1 and 3 only
  4. 1, 2 and 3
Show answer

Answer: B. 2 and 3 only

Statements 2 and 3 are correct. Statement 1 is wrong: CITES deals only with international trade; hunting inside a country is a matter for national law such as India's Wild Life (Protection) Act. Options 1, 3 and 4 all include the false statement 1.

Q5. Consider the following pairs:
Treaty : Place where it was signed or adopted
1. Ramsar Convention : Iran
2. Convention on Migratory Species : Bonn
3. CITES : Geneva
How many of the pairs given above are correctly matched?

  1. Only one
  2. Only two
  3. All three
  4. None
Show answer

Answer: B. Only two

Pairs 1 and 2 are correct. Pair 3 is wrong: CITES was signed in Washington in 1973; Geneva is only where its secretariat sits. So 'only one' undercounts, 'all three' includes the wrong pair, and 'none' rejects two correct pairs.

Q6. The Montreux Record is associated with:

  1. Ramsar sites whose ecological character has changed or is likely to change
  2. species listed in Appendix I of CITES
  3. World Heritage sites in danger
  4. ozone-depleting substances phased out under the Montreal Protocol
Show answer

Answer: A. Ramsar sites whose ecological character has changed or is likely to change

The Montreux Record is the Ramsar Convention's register of listed wetlands under threat. CITES Appendix I is a species list, not a site record; endangered World Heritage sites go on UNESCO's List of World Heritage in Danger; and the similar-sounding Montreal Protocol deals with ozone, not wetlands.

Q7. Consider the following statements:
1. The Nagoya Protocol requires prior informed consent of the country providing genetic resources.
2. India hosted the eleventh Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity at Hyderabad.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

  1. 1 only
  2. 2 only
  3. Both 1 and 2
  4. Neither 1 nor 2
Show answer

Answer: C. Both 1 and 2

Both statements are correct: prior informed consent and mutually agreed terms are the core of the Nagoya Protocol, and India hosted CBD COP11 at Hyderabad in 2012, the year it ratified the protocol. Options 1 and 2 each leave out a true statement, and option 4 rejects both.

Q8. Which of the following species were added to Appendix I of the Convention on Migratory Species at its COP13 held in Gandhinagar in 2020?
1. Great Indian Bustard
2. Asian elephant
3. Bengal florican
4. Snow leopard
Select the correct answer using the code given below:

  1. 1 and 2 only
  2. 1, 2 and 3 only
  3. 2, 3 and 4 only
  4. 1, 2, 3 and 4
Show answer

Answer: B. 1, 2 and 3 only

The Great Indian Bustard, the Asian elephant and the Bengal florican were added to Appendix I at Gandhinagar. The snow leopard was not among the species listed there, so options 3 and 4 are wrong, and option 1 leaves out the Bengal florican.

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