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Quick recap: Constitutional bodies on one page

ಕನ್ನಡದಲ್ಲಿ ವಿವರಣೆ

Constitutional bodies · Quick recap · Fact-checked on 17 October 2026 · how we check

Written with AI from the sources listed at the bottom of this page, then fact-checked by a separate AI.

Both parts of Constitutional bodies condensed for quick revision: the Election Commission, Public Service Commissions, Finance Commission, CAG, the national commissions for Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Backward Classes, the Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities, the Advocate General and the main statutory and executive bodies, with an at-a-glance table and eight mixed questions.

Each idea is explained first in Kannada (ಕನ್ನಡ), ending with the English and Hindi exam terms, followed by the same point in exam English. UPSC Prelims is in English or Hindi, so understand it in Kannada and revise it in English.

ಸಂವಿಧಾನವೇ ಸೃಷ್ಟಿಸಿದ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆ — ತಿದ್ದುಪಡಿಯಿಂದ ಮಾತ್ರ ರದ್ದು, ಅಧಿಕಾರ ಕಡಿತ. ಸ್ವಾತಂತ್ರ್ಯದ ಆಧಾರ: ಸುರಕ್ಷಿತ ಅವಧಿ, ಕಠಿಣ ಪದಚ್ಯುತಿ, ನೇಮಕದ ನಂತರ ಕಡಿಮೆ ಮಾಡಲಾಗದ ಸೇವಾ ಷರತ್ತು, ಕೆಲವರಿಗೆ ಸಂಚಿತ ನಿಧಿಯ ಮೇಲೆ ವೆಚ್ಚ. ಚುನಾವಣಾ ಆಯೋಗ (ವಿಧಿ 324): ಸಂಸತ್ತು, ರಾಜ್ಯ ಶಾಸಕಾಂಗಗಳು, ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಪತಿ, ಉಪರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಪತಿ ಚುನಾವಣೆಗಳು; ಪಂಚಾಯಿತಿ, ಪುರಸಭೆ ಚುನಾವಣೆ ರಾಜ್ಯ ಚುನಾವಣಾ ಆಯೋಗಗಳದ್ದು. 1993ರಿಂದ ಬಹುಸದಸ್ಯ. 325–329: ಒಂದೇ ಮತದಾರರ ಪಟ್ಟಿ, 18ನೇ ವಯಸ್ಸಿಗೆ ಮತದಾನ (61ನೇ ತಿದ್ದುಪಡಿ, 1988), ಚುನಾವಣಾ ಕಾನೂನುಗಳು, ಚುನಾವಣೆಯ ವೇಳೆ ನ್ಯಾಯಾಲಯ ಹಸ್ತಕ್ಷೇಪವಿಲ್ಲ. ಆಟದ ಮಧ್ಯೆ ಅಂಪೈರ್ ಬದಲಿಸಲಾಗದಂತೆ. (→ English: Election Commission · हिन्दी: निर्वाचन आयोग)

In exam EnglishA constitutional body is created by the Constitution itself, so only an amendment can abolish it or cut its powers. Its independence rests on a secure term, a hard removal procedure, service conditions that cannot be worsened after appointment and, for some, expenses charged on the Consolidated Fund. The Election Commission (Article 324) superintends, directs and controls elections to Parliament, the State legislatures and the offices of President and Vice-President; panchayat and municipal polls belong to the State Election Commissions. It has been multi-member since 1993. Articles 325–329 add one general electoral roll, adult suffrage at 18 (61st Amendment, 1988), election laws and a bar on courts during elections.

2023ರ ಕಾಯ್ದೆಯಂತೆ ಚುನಾವಣಾ ಆಯುಕ್ತರನ್ನು ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಪತಿ ಆಯ್ಕೆ ಸಮಿತಿಯ ಸಲಹೆಯಂತೆ ನೇಮಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ: ಪ್ರಧಾನಿ, ಲೋಕಸಭೆಯ ವಿರೋಧ ಪಕ್ಷದ ನಾಯಕ, ಪ್ರಧಾನಿ ನಾಮನಿರ್ದೇಶಿಸುವ ಕೇಂದ್ರ ಸಚಿವ. ಅನೂಪ್ ಬರನ್ವಾಲ್ (2023) ಮಧ್ಯಂತರ ಸಮಿತಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಮುಖ್ಯ ನ್ಯಾಯಮೂರ್ತಿ ಇದ್ದರು; ಕಾಯ್ದೆ ಅದನ್ನು ಬದಲಿಸಿತು. ಅವಧಿ ಆರು ವರ್ಷ ಅಥವಾ 65. ಮುಖ್ಯ ಆಯುಕ್ತರನ್ನು ಸುಪ್ರೀಂ ಕೋರ್ಟ್ ನ್ಯಾಯಾಧೀಶರಂತೆಯೇ ತೆಗೆಯಬೇಕು; ಇತರ ಆಯುಕ್ತರನ್ನು ಮುಖ್ಯ ಆಯುಕ್ತರ ಶಿಫಾರಸು ಇಲ್ಲದೆ ತೆಗೆಯಲಾಗದು (324(5)). ಶೇಷನ್ (1995) ನಂತರ ಎಲ್ಲರೂ ಸಮಾನರು, ಬಹುಮತದ ನಿರ್ಧಾರ. ಮೂವರು ನ್ಯಾಯಾಧೀಶರ ಪೀಠದಲ್ಲಿ ಬಹುಮತವೇ ತೀರ್ಪು ಎಂಬಂತೆ. ಈ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆ ಚುನಾವಣಾ ಆಯೋಗ. (→ English: Election Commission · हिन्दी: निर्वाचन आयोग)

In exam EnglishElection Commissioners are appointed by the President under the 2023 Act on the advice of a selection committee of the Prime Minister, the Leader of the Opposition in the Lok Sabha and a Union Cabinet Minister nominated by the Prime Minister; this replaced the interim committee, which included the Chief Justice of India, set up in Anoop Baranwal (2023). They serve six years or until 65. The Chief Election Commissioner can be removed only like a Supreme Court judge, and any other Election Commissioner cannot be removed except on the Chief Election Commissioner's recommendation (Article 324(5)). Since T.N. Seshan (1995) the members are equals and decide by majority.

ಪ್ರತಿ ಲೋಕಸೇವಾ ಆಯೋಗ (315–323): ಯುಪಿಎಸ್‌ಸಿ, ಜಂಟಿ ಆಯೋಗವನ್ನು ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಪತಿ, ರಾಜ್ಯ ಆಯೋಗವನ್ನು ರಾಜ್ಯಪಾಲರು ನೇಮಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ; ಅರ್ಧ ಸದಸ್ಯರಿಗೆ ಹತ್ತು ವರ್ಷದ ಸರ್ಕಾರಿ ಸೇವೆ. ಅವಧಿ ಆರು ವರ್ಷ ಅಥವಾ ಯುಪಿಎಸ್‌ಸಿಯಲ್ಲಿ 65, ರಾಜ್ಯ-ಜಂಟಿ ಆಯೋಗಗಳಲ್ಲಿ 62 (41ನೇ ತಿದ್ದುಪಡಿ, 1976). ತೆಗೆಯುವುದು ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಪತಿ ಮಾತ್ರ; ದುರ್ವರ್ತನೆಗೆ ಸುಪ್ರೀಂ ಕೋರ್ಟ್ ವಿಚಾರಣೆಯ ನಂತರವೇ. ಯುಪಿಎಸ್‌ಸಿ ಅಧ್ಯಕ್ಷರಿಗೆ ನಂತರ ಸರ್ಕಾರಿ ಉದ್ಯೋಗವಿಲ್ಲ; ವೆಚ್ಚ ಸಂಚಿತ ನಿಧಿಯ ಮೇಲೆ. ನೇಮಕ, ಬಡ್ತಿ, ಶಿಸ್ತು ಕ್ರಮದಲ್ಲಿ ಸಮಾಲೋಚನೆ — ಮೀಸಲಾತಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಅಲ್ಲ (320(4)); ಸಲಹೆ ಬದ್ಧವಲ್ಲ (ಮನ್‌ಬೋಧನ್ ಲಾಲ್, 1957). ಮದುವೆ ಸಂಬಂಧಕ್ಕೆ ಹಿರಿಯರ ಸಲಹೆ ಕೇಳಿದರೂ ಕೊನೆಯ ಮಾತು ಕುಟುಂಬದ್ದು ಎಂಬಂತೆ. (→ English: Public Service Commission · हिन्दी: लोक सेवा आयोग)

In exam EnglishEvery Public Service Commission (Articles 315–323) is appointed by the President (UPSC and Joint Commissions) or the Governor (State Commissions); half the members must have ten years of government service. The term is six years or up to 65 in the UPSC and 62 in State and Joint Commissions (41st Amendment, 1976). Only the President can remove a member, and for misbehaviour only after a Supreme Court inquiry. The UPSC Chairman cannot take any further government job, and expenses are charged on the Consolidated Fund. Governments consult the Commissions on recruitment, promotion and discipline, but not on reservation (Article 320(4)), and their advice is not binding (Manbodhan Lal Srivastava, 1957).

ಹಣಕಾಸು ಆಯೋಗ (280–281): ಪ್ರತಿ ಐದು ವರ್ಷಕ್ಕೆ ಅಥವಾ ಮುಂಚಿತವಾಗಿ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಪತಿ ರಚಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ; ಅಧ್ಯಕ್ಷರು, ನಾಲ್ವರು ಸದಸ್ಯರು; ಅರ್ಹತೆ 1951ರ ಕಾಯ್ದೆಯಿಂದ. ಹಂಚಿಕೊಳ್ಳುವ ತೆರಿಗೆಗಳ ನಿವ್ವಳ ಆದಾಯ ಕೇಂದ್ರ-ರಾಜ್ಯಗಳ ನಡುವೆ ಮತ್ತು ರಾಜ್ಯಗಳ ನಡುವೆ ಹೇಗೆ ಹಂಚಬೇಕು, ವಿಧಿ 275 ಅನುದಾನ ತತ್ವಗಳು, ಪಂಚಾಯಿತಿ-ಪುರಸಭೆಗಳಿಗೆ ನೆರವು — ಶಿಫಾರಸು ಮಾಡುತ್ತದೆ. ವರದಿ, ಸರ್ಕಾರದ ವಿವರಣಾ ಜ್ಞಾಪನ ಸಂಸತ್ತಿನ ಮುಂದೆ; ಸಲಹೆ ಬದ್ಧವಲ್ಲ. ಮೊದಲನೆಯದು ಕೆ.ಸಿ. ನಿಯೋಗಿ; ಹದಿನೈದನೆಯದು (ಎನ್.ಕೆ. ಸಿಂಗ್) ರಾಜ್ಯಗಳ ಪಾಲು 41%; ಹದಿನಾರನೆಯದು (ಅರವಿಂದ್ ಪನಗಾರಿಯಾ) 2026–31. ಅವಿಭಕ್ತ ಕುಟುಂಬದ ಆದಾಯವನ್ನು ಸಹೋದರರ ನಡುವೆ ಹಂಚುವ ಹಿರಿಯರಂತೆ. (→ English: Finance Commission · हिन्दी: वित्त आयोग)

In exam EnglishThe Finance Commission (Articles 280–281) is set up by the President every five years or earlier, with a chairman and four members whose qualifications come from the Finance Commission (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act, 1951. It recommends how the net proceeds of shared taxes are divided between the Union and the States and among the States, the principles for grants-in-aid under Article 275, and measures to support panchayats and municipalities. Its report and the government's explanatory memorandum are laid before Parliament; the advice is not binding. The first Commission was chaired by K.C. Neogy; the Fifteenth (N.K. Singh) set the States' share at 41 per cent, and the Sixteenth (Arvind Panagariya) covers 2026–31.

ಭಾರತದ ಮಹಾಲೇಖಪಾಲ (148–151): ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಪತಿ ನೇಮಕ, ಸುಪ್ರೀಂ ಕೋರ್ಟ್ ನ್ಯಾಯಾಧೀಶರಂತೆಯೇ ಪದಚ್ಯುತಿ; 1971ರ ಕಾಯ್ದೆಯಂತೆ ಆರು ವರ್ಷ ಅಥವಾ 65; ವೆಚ್ಚ ಭಾರ, ನಂತರ ಸರ್ಕಾರಿ ಹುದ್ದೆ ಇಲ್ಲ. ಕೇಂದ್ರ, ರಾಜ್ಯಗಳು, ಶಾಸಕಾಂಗವಿರುವ ಕೇಂದ್ರಾಡಳಿತ ಪ್ರದೇಶಗಳು, ಸರ್ಕಾರಿ ಕಂಪನಿಗಳು, ಸರ್ಕಾರಿ ಹಣದ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆಗಳು — ಲೆಕ್ಕಪರಿಶೋಧನೆ; ಆದರೆ ಹಣ ಬಿಡುಗಡೆಯ ಮೇಲೆ ನಿಯಂತ್ರಣವಿಲ್ಲ. ವರದಿಗಳು ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಪತಿಗೆ (ಕೇಂದ್ರ) ಅಥವಾ ರಾಜ್ಯಪಾಲರಿಗೆ (ರಾಜ್ಯ), ಶಾಸಕಾಂಗದ ಮುಂದೆ, ಸಾರ್ವಜನಿಕ ಲೆಕ್ಕಪತ್ರ ಸಮಿತಿಯ ಪರಿಶೀಲನೆ. ನಿಯಮ, ಔಚಿತ್ಯ, ಕಾರ್ಯಕ್ಷಮತೆ — ಮೂರೂ; ವರದಿ ನೀಡುತ್ತಾರೆ, ಶಿಕ್ಷಿಸಲಾಗದು. ಪಂದ್ಯ ಮುಗಿದ ಮೇಲೆ ವಿಡಿಯೋ ನೋಡಿ ತಪ್ಪು ಹೇಳುವ ವಿಶ್ಲೇಷಕರಂತೆ. (→ English: Comptroller and Auditor-General of India · हिन्दी: भारत का नियंत्रक-महालेखापरीक्षक)

In exam EnglishThe Comptroller and Auditor-General of India (Articles 148–151) is appointed by the President and removable only like a Supreme Court judge; the 1971 Act gives a term of six years or up to 65, the expenses are charged, and no further government office is allowed. The CAG audits the Union, the States, Union Territories with legislatures, government companies and bodies substantially financed by government, but has no control over releasing money from the Consolidated Fund. Reports go to the President (Union) or the Governor (State), are laid before the legislature and are examined by the Public Accounts Committee. Audit covers regularity, propriety and performance; the CAG reports but cannot punish.

ದುರ್ಬಲ ವರ್ಗಗಳ ರಕ್ಷಣೆಗೆ ಮೂರು ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಆಯೋಗಗಳು. 65ನೇ ತಿದ್ದುಪಡಿ (1990) ಪರಿಶಿಷ್ಟ ಜಾತಿ-ಪಂಗಡಗಳಿಗೆ ಜಂಟಿ ಆಯೋಗ; 89ನೇ ತಿದ್ದುಪಡಿ (2003) ಅದನ್ನು ಪರಿಶಿಷ್ಟ ಜಾತಿ (338), ಪರಿಶಿಷ್ಟ ಪಂಗಡ (338A) ಆಯೋಗಗಳಾಗಿ ವಿಭಜಿಸಿತು. ಹಿಂದುಳಿದ ವರ್ಗಗಳು ಆಯೋಗ ಇಂದ್ರಾ ಸಾಹ್ನಿ ನಂತರ 1993ರ ಕಾಯ್ದೆಯಿಂದ; 102ನೇ ತಿದ್ದುಪಡಿಯಿಂದ (2018) 338B ಅಡಿ ಸಾಂವಿಧಾನಿಕ ಸ್ಥಾನ; ಮರಾಠಾ ಪ್ರಕರಣದ (2021) ನಂತರ 105ನೇ ತಿದ್ದುಪಡಿ ರಾಜ್ಯಗಳ ಪಟ್ಟಿಗಳನ್ನು ಮರಳಿಸಿತು. ತನಿಖೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಸಿವಿಲ್ ನ್ಯಾಯಾಲಯದ ಅಧಿಕಾರ, ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಪತಿಗೆ ವರದಿ. ಭಾಷಾ ಅಲ್ಪಸಂಖ್ಯಾತರ ವಿಶೇಷ ಅಧಿಕಾರಿ (350B, 7ನೇ ತಿದ್ದುಪಡಿ 1956) — ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರಪತಿ ನೇಮಕ, ಅವರಿಗೇ ವರದಿ. ಶಾಲೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಹಿಂದುಳಿದ ಮಕ್ಕಳನ್ನು ವಿಶೇಷವಾಗಿ ನೋಡಿಕೊಳ್ಳುವ ಶಿಕ್ಷಕರಂತೆ. (→ English: backward classes · हिन्दी: पिछड़े वर्ग)

In exam EnglishThree national commissions protect weaker sections. The 65th Amendment (1990) created a combined commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes, which the 89th Amendment (2003) split into the National Commission for Scheduled Castes (Article 338) and for Scheduled Tribes (Article 338A). The National Commission for backward classes was set up by a 1993 Act after Indra Sawhney and became constitutional under Article 338B through the 102nd Amendment (2018); after the Maratha case (2021) the 105th Amendment restored the States' own lists. Each has civil-court powers while investigating and reports to the President. The Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities (Article 350B, 7th Amendment 1956) is appointed by and reports to the President.

Constitutional bodies at a glance
Body	Article	Appointed by	Removal	Reports to
Election Commission	324	President (2023 Act committee)	CEC like a Supreme Court judge; others only on CEC's recommendation	Acts directly
UPSC / State PSC	315–323	President / Governor	Only by the President	President / Governor (annual report)
Finance Commission	280	President	No special procedure	President (laid before Parliament)
CAG	148–151	President	Like a Supreme Court judge	President / Governor
NCSC, NCST, NCBC	338, 338A, 338B	President	Set by Presidential rules	President (State reports to Governor)
Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities	350B	President	Not specified	President

ಮಹಾಧಿವಕ್ತ (165) ರಾಜ್ಯದ ಮುಖ್ಯ ಕಾನೂನು ಅಧಿಕಾರಿ: ರಾಜ್ಯಪಾಲರ ನೇಮಕ, ಹೈಕೋರ್ಟ್ ನ್ಯಾಯಾಧೀಶರ ಅರ್ಹತೆ, ರಾಜ್ಯಪಾಲರ ಇಚ್ಛೆ ಇರುವವರೆಗೆ ಹುದ್ದೆ; ಶಾಸಕಾಂಗದಲ್ಲಿ ಮಾತನಾಡಬಹುದು, ಮತವಿಲ್ಲ (177) — ಸಂಸತ್ತಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಮಹಾನ್ಯಾಯವಾದಿಯಂತೆಯೇ (88). ಕೊನೆಗೆ, ಅನೇಕ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆಗಳು ಸಾಂವಿಧಾನಿಕವಲ್ಲ. ಪ್ರತಿ ಶಾಸನಬದ್ಧ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆಗೆ ಒಂದು ಕಾಯ್ದೆ ಆಧಾರ: ಮಾನವ ಹಕ್ಕುಗಳ ಆಯೋಗ (1993), ಸಿವಿಸಿ (2003, ವಿನೀತ್ ನಾರಾಯಣ್ 1997ರ ನಂತರ), ಲೋಕಪಾಲ (2013). ಸಿಬಿಐ 1963ರ ನಿರ್ಣಯದಿಂದ, ಅಧಿಕಾರ 1946ರ ಡಿಎಸ್‌ಪಿಇ ಕಾಯ್ದೆಯಿಂದ; ನೀತಿ ಆಯೋಗ 2015ರ ಸಂಪುಟ ನಿರ್ಣಯದಿಂದ — ಎರಡೂ ಕಾರ್ಯಾಂಗ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆಗಳು. ಅಡಿಪಾಯ, ಗೋಡೆ, ಚಪ್ಪರ — ಮೂರು ಬಗೆಯ ಬಲ. (→ English: statutory body · हिन्दी: सांविधिक निकाय)

In exam EnglishThe Advocate General (Article 165) is the State's chief law officer: appointed by the Governor, qualified to be a High Court judge, holding office during the Governor's pleasure, and entitled to speak but not vote in the State legislature (Article 177), just as the Attorney General may in Parliament (Article 88). Finally, many bodies are not constitutional at all. Each statutory body rests on an Act: the NHRC (1993), the CVC (2003, after Vineet Narain, 1997) and the Lokpal (2013). The CBI was set up by a 1963 resolution and draws its powers from the DSPE Act, 1946, and NITI Aayog by a 2015 Cabinet resolution, so both are executive bodies.

Exam traps

The Election Commission does not conduct panchayat or municipal elections; State Election Commissions do (Articles 243K, 243ZA).
Only the Chief Election Commissioner is removable like a Supreme Court judge; any other Election Commissioner cannot be removed except on the Chief Election Commissioner's recommendation.
A State PSC member is appointed by the Governor but can be removed only by the President; PSC advice is not binding and reservation is outside consultation.
The Finance Commission's members' qualifications come from the 1951 Act, not the Constitution; its advice is not binding.
The CAG has no control over the release of money from the Consolidated Fund; its six-year term and age limit of 65 come from the 1971 Act.
65th Amendment (1990): combined SC/ST commission; 89th (2003): split into 338 and 338A; 102nd (2018): NCBC under 338B; 105th (2021): State lists restored.
The Advocate General is appointed by the Governor with High Court judge qualifications; he can speak but not vote in the State legislature.
The CVC became statutory in 2003, but the CBI and NITI Aayog remain executive bodies created by resolutions.

Recap

Constitutional bodies change only by amendment; independence comes from tenure, removal rules, protected service conditions and charged expenses.
Election Commission (Articles 324–329): national and State elections plus President and Vice-President; 2023 Act selection committee; Seshan (1995) majority rule.
Public Service Commissions (Articles 315–323): six years or 65/62; removal only by the President; advice not binding (1957).
Finance Commission (Article 280): every five years, chairman and four members; tax sharing and grants; Fifteenth 41 per cent, Sixteenth 2026–31.
CAG (Articles 148–151): removable like a Supreme Court judge; auditor only; reports examined by the Public Accounts Committee.
NCSC (338), NCST (338A, 2003), NCBC (338B, 2018): civil-court powers, reports to the President, compulsory consultation on major policy.
Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities (350B, 1956) reports to the President; Advocate General (165) mirrors the Attorney General (76) for the State.
Statutory: NHRC, CVC, Lokpal; executive: CBI, NITI Aayog.

Practice questions

Q1. Elections to panchayats are superintended, directed and controlled by

the Election Commission of India
the State Election Commission
the Governor of the State
the State Finance Commission

Show answer

Answer: B. the State Election Commission

Article 243K gives panchayat elections to the State Election Commission. The Election Commission of India covers Parliament, State legislatures, President and Vice-President only; the Governor appoints the State Election Commissioner but does not run the polls; the State Finance Commission deals with panchayat finances.

Q2. Consider the following statements:
1. Under the 2023 Act, the selection committee for Election Commissioners includes the Chief Justice of India.
2. In T.N. Seshan v. Union of India (1995), the Supreme Court held that the Election Commission decides by majority.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

1 only
2 only
Both 1 and 2
Neither 1 nor 2

Show answer

Answer: B. 2 only

Statement 1 is wrong: the Chief Justice sat only on the interim committee of Anoop Baranwal (2023); the Act has the Prime Minister, the Leader of the Opposition and a Cabinet Minister. Statement 2 is correct. So '1 only' and 'Both' are wrong, and 'Neither' ignores statement 2.

Q3. Consider the following statements about Public Service Commissions:
1. A member of a State Public Service Commission can be removed by the Governor.
2. The advice of a Public Service Commission is not binding on the government.
3. A Public Service Commission must be consulted on reservation of posts for backward classes.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

1 only
2 only
1 and 3 only
2 and 3 only

Show answer

Answer: B. 2 only

Only statement 2 is correct (Manbodhan Lal Srivastava, 1957). Statement 1 is wrong because only the President can remove a member (Article 317), and statement 3 is wrong because Article 320(4) excludes reservation from consultation; every option containing 1 or 3 is therefore wrong.

Q4. The qualifications of the members of the Finance Commission are laid down in

Article 280 of the Constitution
the Finance Commission (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act, 1951
the Seventh Schedule
rules made by the Union Ministry of Finance

Show answer

Answer: B. the Finance Commission (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act, 1951

Article 280 lets Parliament fix the qualifications, and the 1951 Act does so. Article 280 itself sets only the chairman-and-four-members structure; the Seventh Schedule lists subjects of legislation; and the Finance Ministry does not set the qualifications.

Q5. Consider the following statements about the Comptroller and Auditor-General of India:
1. The CAG can be removed from office only in the manner and on the grounds of a judge of the Supreme Court.
2. The CAG's reports on the accounts of the Union are submitted directly to the Speaker of the Lok Sabha.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

1 only
2 only
Both 1 and 2
Neither 1 nor 2

Show answer

Answer: A. 1 only

Statement 1 restates Article 148(1). Statement 2 is wrong: Article 151 sends Union reports to the President, who has them laid before Parliament. So '2 only' and 'Both' are wrong, and 'Neither' ignores statement 1.

Q6. Match List I with List II:
List I (Amendment) — List II (Change)
A. 65th (1990) — 1. National Commission for Backward Classes given constitutional status
B. 89th (2003) — 2. States' power to keep their own lists of backward classes restored
C. 102nd (2018) — 3. Separate National Commission for Scheduled Tribes
D. 105th (2021) — 4. Combined National Commission for Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes
Select the correct answer using the code given below:

A-4, B-3, C-1, D-2
A-3, B-4, C-1, D-2
A-4, B-3, C-2, D-1
A-1, B-3, C-4, D-2

Show answer

Answer: A. A-4, B-3, C-1, D-2

The 65th created the combined commission, the 89th split off the Scheduled Tribes commission, the 102nd inserted Article 338B and the 105th restored State lists. The second option reverses the 65th and 89th, the third reverses the 102nd and 105th, and the fourth gives the 65th the backward-classes change.

Q7. Consider the following statements:
1. The Advocate General of a State must be qualified to be appointed a judge of the Supreme Court.
2. The Advocate General has the right to speak in the State Legislative Assembly but not to vote.
3. The Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities is appointed by the President.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

1 only
1 and 2 only
2 and 3 only
1, 2 and 3

Show answer

Answer: C. 2 and 3 only

Statement 1 is wrong: the Advocate General needs High Court judge qualifications (Article 165); Supreme Court qualifications apply to the Attorney General. Statements 2 (Article 177) and 3 (Article 350B) are correct. '1 only', '1 and 2 only' and '1, 2 and 3' all include the wrong statement 1.

Q8. Which one of the following is a statutory body?

NITI Aayog
Central Bureau of Investigation
National Human Rights Commission
Comptroller and Auditor-General of India

Show answer

Answer: C. National Human Rights Commission

The NHRC was created by the Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993. NITI Aayog (2015) and the CBI (1963) were created by executive resolutions, and the CAG is a constitutional office under Article 148.

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Sources

Constitution of India, Articles 88, 148–151, 165, 177, 275, 280–281, 315–329, 338, 338A, 338B, 342A and 350B — https://legislative.gov.in/constitution-of-india/
Constitution (Seventh) 1956, (Forty-first) 1976, (Sixty-first) 1988, (Sixty-fifth) 1990, (Eighty-ninth) 2003, (One Hundred and Second) 2018 and (One Hundred and Fifth) 2021 Amendment Acts; Finance Commission (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act, 1951; CAG (Duties, Powers and Conditions of Service) Act, 1971; Chief Election Commissioner and Other Election Commissioners (Appointment, Conditions of Service and Term of Office) Act, 2023; Protection of Human Rights Act, 1993; Central Vigilance Commission Act, 2003; Delhi Special Police Establishment Act, 1946; Lokpal and Lokayuktas Act, 2013 — https://www.indiacode.nic.in
Supreme Court of India: Manbodhan Lal Srivastava (1957); Indra Sawhney (1992); T.N. Seshan (1995); Vineet Narain (1997); Jaishri Laxmanrao Patil (2021); Anoop Baranwal (2023) — https://digiscr.sci.gov.in
Report of the Fifteenth Finance Commission for 2021–26 and the explanatory memorandum laid before Parliament under Article 281 — https://sansad.in
Government of India, Cabinet Secretariat resolution constituting NITI Aayog (1 January 2015) — https://www.niti.gov.in