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English · हिन्दी · తెలుగు · தமிழ் · മലയാളം · मराठी · ಕನ್ನಡ

Mysore and the Marathas (1761–1818)

తెలుగులో వివరణ

British expansion in India · Part 2 / 1 · Fact-checked on · how we check

Written with AI from the sources listed at the bottom of this page, then fact-checked by a separate AI.

The rise of Mysore under Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan and the four Anglo-Mysore wars (Madras 1769, Mangalore 1784, Seringapatam 1792, the fall of Seringapatam 1799); the Maratha confederacy after Panipat and the three Anglo-Maratha wars (Surat, Purandar, Wadgaon and Salbai; Bassein, Assaye and Laswari; Khadki, Koregaon and the end of the peshwaship in 1818); and why both powers lost.

Each idea is explained first in Telugu (తెలుగు), ending with the English and Hindi exam terms, followed by the same point in exam English. UPSC Prelims is in English or Hindi, so understand it in Telugu and revise it in English.

బెంగాల్ డబ్బుతో కంపెనీ ఇప్పుడు ఇద్దరు బలమైన ప్రత్యర్థులను ఎదుర్కొంది: హైదర్ అలీ, టిప్పు సుల్తాన్‌ల మైసూరు (1767–1799 మధ్య నాలుగు యుద్ధాలు), మరాఠా సమాఖ్య (1775–1818 మధ్య మూడు యుద్ధాలు). ఇద్దరూ త్వరగా ఓడలేదు. కానీ ఐకమత్యం లేదు — నిజాం, మరాఠాలు టిప్పుకు వ్యతిరేకంగా బ్రిటిష్ వైపు చేరారు; మరాఠా సర్దార్లు ఒక్కొక్కరుగా పోరాడారు. ఒక్కో కర్ర సులువుగా విరుగుతుంది, కట్ట కడితే విరగదు అన్న కథ గుర్తుందా? ప్రతి గెలుపుతో సైన్య సహకార ఒప్పందం విస్తరించింది — రాజు సింహాసనం ఉంచుకుంటాడు, రక్షణ, విదేశీ వ్యవహారాలు కంపెనీకి. (→ English: Subsidiary alliance · हिन्दी: सहायक संधि)

In exam EnglishPart 1 showed how the Company won Bengal and with it a steady flow of revenue. That money now met two strong opponents in the south and west. One was Mysore under Haidar Ali and his son Tipu Sultan, who fought four wars with the Company between 1767 and 1799. The other was the Maratha confederacy, the largest Indian power of the late eighteenth century, which fought three wars with the Company between 1775 and 1818. Neither fell quickly, and Mysore in particular came close to defeating the Company more than once. Both lost in the end, partly because Indian powers seldom stood together: the Nizam of Hyderabad and the Marathas joined the British against Tipu, and the Maratha chiefs fought the Company one by one. Each victory also spread the Subsidiary alliance, under which a defeated or frightened ruler kept his throne but handed his defence and foreign policy to the Company; Part 3 looks at that system in detail.

మైసూరులో పేరుకు వడయార్ రాజులు, అధికారం మాత్రం మంత్రులు, సేనాపతుల చేతుల్లో. సామాన్య సైనికుడు హైదర్ అలీ ఎదిగి 1761 నాటికి అసలు పాలకుడయ్యాడు. కర్ణాటక యుద్ధాల పాఠం అతనికి అర్థమైంది: ఫ్రెంచి సాయంతో దిండిగల్‌లో ఆయుధాగారం, యూరోపియన్ శిక్షణ, వేగమైన అశ్వికదళం. కొడుకు టిప్పు సుల్తాన్ (1782 నుంచి) కొత్త నాణేలు, కొత్త క్యాలెండర్, కొత్త తూనికలు తెచ్చాడు; యుద్ధంలో ఇనుప రాకెట్లు వాడాడు. టిప్పు దృష్టిలో అసలు శత్రువు కంపెనీయే, అందుకే ఫ్రాన్స్ సాయం కోరాడు. ఇంటి పక్కవారితో గొడవ కాదు, ఊరిలోకి చొరబడ్డ బయటివాడే ప్రమాదం అని గుర్తించినట్టు. (→ English: Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan · हिन्दी: हैदर अली और टीपू सुल्तान)

In exam EnglishMysore was ruled by the Wodeyar dynasty, but by the middle of the eighteenth century real power lay with ministers and commanders. Haidar Ali, a soldier of modest origins, rose through the army and by 1761 had become the de facto ruler, leaving the Wodeyar king as a figurehead. He understood what the Carnatic wars had taught: he set up an arsenal at Dindigul with French help, trained infantry and artillery in the European manner and kept a fast cavalry able to strike deep into enemy territory. His son Tipu Sultan, who succeeded him in 1782, went further. He issued new coins, introduced a new calendar and new weights and measures, encouraged trade and manufacture, and used iron-cased rockets in battle to great effect. Tipu saw the Company, not his Indian neighbours, as the main danger, and he sought help from France against it. This made him, in British eyes, the most dangerous ruler in the south.

మొదటి ఆంగ్లో-మైసూరు యుద్ధం (1767–69): కంపెనీ, నిజాం, మరాఠాలు కలిసి హైదర్‌పై. హైదర్ మరాఠాలను డబ్బుతో పక్కకు తప్పించి, నేరుగా మద్రాసు దాకా వచ్చాడు — మద్రాసు సంధి (1769): గెలిచినవి తిరిగి ఇవ్వడం, మూడో వ్యక్తి దాడి చేస్తే ఒకరికొకరు సాయం. ఆ మాటే రెండో యుద్ధానికి కారణం: 1771లో మరాఠాలు దాడి చేసినప్పుడు కంపెనీ సాయం చేయలేదు, 1779లో మాహే పట్టుకుంది. రెండో యుద్ధం (1780–84): పొల్లిలూర్ (1780)లో హైదర్ గెలుపు, పోర్టో నోవో (1781)లో ఐర్ కూట్ గెలుపు; 1782లో హైదర్ మరణం; మంగళూరు సంధి (1784) — మళ్ళీ అన్నీ వెనక్కి. 'కష్టంలో తోడుంటా' అని మాట ఇచ్చి ముఖం చాటేసిన స్నేహితుడిలా. (→ English: Treaty of Mangalore · हिन्दी: मंगलौर की संधि)

In exam EnglishThe First Anglo-Mysore War (1767–69) began when the Company, the Nizam and the Marathas combined against Haidar. He bought off the Marathas, briefly won over the Nizam and then carried the war to the Company's own doorstep, appearing near Madras in 1769. The frightened Madras government signed the Treaty of Madras (1769): each side returned the other's conquests, and the two promised to help each other if attacked by a third power. That promise caused the next war. When the Marathas attacked Mysore in 1771, the Company did not help, and in 1779 it seized Mahe, a French port that Haidar regarded as under his protection. In the Second War (1780–84) Haidar joined the Nizam and the Marathas against the Company, destroyed a British force under Colonel Baillie at Pollilur in 1780 and took Arcot. Warren Hastings sent Sir Eyre Coote, who defeated Haidar at Porto Novo in 1781, and drew the Nizam and the Marathas away from the alliance. Haidar died in December 1782; Tipu fought on until the Treaty of Mangalore (1784), under which both sides again returned their conquests.

మూడో యుద్ధం (1790–92): టిప్పు కంపెనీ మిత్రుడైన ట్రావెన్‌కూర్‌పై దాడి చేశాడు. కార్న్‌వాలిస్ నిజాం, మరాఠాలతో కలిసి శ్రీరంగపట్నాన్ని ముట్టడించాడు. శ్రీరంగపట్నం సంధి (1792): టిప్పు సగం రాజ్యం వదులుకున్నాడు, భారీ పరిహారం, ఇద్దరు కొడుకులు బందీలుగా. నాలుగో యుద్ధం (1799): నెపోలియన్ ఈజిప్టులో ఉన్నప్పుడు టిప్పు ఫ్రెంచివారిని పిలుస్తాడని వెల్లెస్లీ భయం; టిప్పు సైన్య సహకార ఒప్పందాన్ని తిరస్కరించాడు. 4 మే 1799న శ్రీరంగపట్నం పతనం, టిప్పు పోరాడుతూ మరణించాడు. వడయార్ బాలుడు మూడో కృష్ణరాజ వడయార్‌ను చిన్న మైసూరుకు రాజుగా కూర్చోబెట్టారు — తాళం చెవులు మాత్రం కంపెనీ దగ్గర. (→ English: Subsidiary alliance · हिन्दी: सहायक संधि)

In exam EnglishThe Third War (1790–92) began when Tipu attacked Travancore, an ally of the Company, in 1789. Lord Cornwallis, the Governor-General, formed an alliance with the Nizam and the Marathas, led the campaign himself and besieged Seringapatam, Tipu's capital. By the Treaty of Seringapatam (1792) Tipu gave up about half his kingdom to the three allies, paid a heavy war indemnity and handed over two of his sons as hostages until it was paid; the Company's share included Malabar, Dindigul and the Baramahal. The Fourth War (1799) was short. Lord Wellesley, who arrived in 1798, feared that Tipu would bring the French back into India while Napoleon was in Egypt, and Tipu refused to accept a Subsidiary alliance. Seringapatam was stormed on 4 May 1799 and Tipu died fighting in its defence. The Company restored the Wodeyar family, placing a boy, Krishnaraja Wodeyar III, on the throne of a smaller Mysore bound by a subsidiary treaty, and kept Kanara, Coimbatore and Seringapatam itself.
The four Anglo-Mysore wars
WarYearsCompany sideMysore rulerEnded by
First1767–69Madras government (with the Nizam and Marathas at first)Haidar AliTreaty of Madras (1769): conquests returned, mutual defence
Second1780–84Warren Hastings; Eyre Coote (Porto Novo 1781)Haidar Ali, then Tipu SultanTreaty of Mangalore (1784): conquests returned
Third1790–92Cornwallis, with the Nizam and the MarathasTipu SultanTreaty of Seringapatam (1792): half the kingdom, indemnity, two sons as hostages
Fourth1799WellesleyTipu Sultan (killed 4 May 1799)Fall of Seringapatam; Wodeyars restored under a subsidiary alliance

పానిపట్ మూడో యుద్ధంలో (14 జనవరి 1761) అబ్దాలీ చేతిలో మరాఠాలు ఘోరంగా ఓడారు, కానీ యువ పేష్వా మొదటి మాధవరావు మళ్ళీ బలం తెచ్చాడు (1772లో మరణం). అప్పటికి మరాఠా రాజ్యం ఒక సమాఖ్య: పూనాలో పేష్వా పెద్ద, ప్రాంతాల్లో సింధియా (గ్వాలియర్), హోల్కర్ (ఇండోర్), భోంస్లే (నాగపూర్), గైక్వాడ్ (బరోడా). ఉమ్మడి కుటుంబంలో పెద్దాయన పోయాక వారసత్వ తగాదా వస్తే బయటివాళ్ళకు అవకాశం దొరుకుతుంది కదా — 1773లో నారాయణరావు హత్య, బాబాయి రఘునాథరావు (రఘోబా) దావా, నానా ఫడ్నవీస్ నాయకత్వంలోని బారాభాయి మండలి పసివాడు సవాయి మాధవరావు పేరుతో పాలన. రఘోబా బొంబాయి ఇంగ్లీషువారి సాయం కోరాడు. (→ English: Peshwa · हिन्दी: पेशवा)

In exam EnglishThe Marathas had suffered a heavy defeat at the hands of Ahmad Shah Abdali in the Third Battle of Panipat on 14 January 1761, but the young Peshwa Madhavrao I restored much of their power before his death in 1772. By then the Maratha state was a confederacy rather than a single kingdom. The Peshwa at Poona, the chief minister who had become the real head of the state, led it in name, while great chiefs ruled their own regions: the Sindhias of Gwalior, the Holkars of Indore, the Bhonsles of Nagpur and the Gaekwads of Baroda. Trouble at the centre gave the Company its opening. Madhavrao's successor Narayanrao was murdered in 1773, and his uncle Raghunathrao, known as Raghoba, claimed the office. A group of ministers led by Nana Phadnavis, the Barabhai council, set him aside and ruled in the name of Narayanrao's infant son, Sawai Madhavrao. Raghunathrao turned to the English at Bombay for help.

మొదటి ఆంగ్లో-మరాఠా యుద్ధం (1775–82): సూరత్ సంధి (1775) — సాల్సెట్, బస్సేన్ ఇస్తే రఘోబాను గద్దెపైకి తెస్తామని బొంబాయి ప్రభుత్వం. కలకత్తాలో వారెన్ హేస్టింగ్స్ ఒప్పుకోలేదు — పురందర్ సంధి (1776)తో దాన్ని రద్దు చేశాడు. మళ్ళీ యుద్ధం; 1779లో చుట్టుముట్టబడ్డ బొంబాయి సైన్యం వడ్గావ్ ఒప్పందంలో అన్నీ వదులుకుంది — హేస్టింగ్స్ దాన్ని తిరస్కరించాడు. ఎవరూ పూర్తిగా గెలవలేదు. సల్బాయ్ సంధి (1782), మహాదజీ సింధియా మధ్యవర్తిత్వం: కంపెనీకి సాల్సెట్, సవాయి మాధవరావు పేష్వాగా గుర్తింపు, రఘోబాకు పింఛను. పెళ్ళి పెద్ద రెండు కుటుంబాల మధ్య రాజీ కుదిర్చినట్టు. ఇరవై ఏళ్ళ శాంతి — కంపెనీ మైసూరుపై దృష్టి పెట్టింది. (→ English: Treaty of Salbai · हिन्दी: सालबाई की संधि)

In exam EnglishThe First Anglo-Maratha War (1775–82) grew out of this quarrel. By the Treaty of Surat (1775) the Bombay government agreed to restore Raghunathrao in return for Salsette and Bassein. The Calcutta government under Warren Hastings, which the Regulating Act had just placed above Bombay and Madras in matters of war and peace, disapproved and made the Treaty of Purandar (1776) with the Poona ministers, cancelling Surat. Fighting soon resumed, and in 1779 a Bombay army that had marched towards Poona was surrounded and forced to sign the Convention of Wadgaon, giving up all the Company's gains; Hastings refused to accept it and sent troops across central India. Neither side could win outright. The war ended with the Treaty of Salbai (1782), arranged through the mediation of Mahadji Sindhia: the Company kept Salsette, recognised Sawai Madhavrao as Peshwa, gave up the cause of Raghunathrao, who received a pension, and returned most other conquests. Salbai brought twenty years of peace with the Marathas, which let the Company concentrate on Mysore.

మహాదజీ సింధియా (1794), నానా ఫడ్నవీస్ (1800) మరణం తర్వాత సర్దార్లు పూనా కోసం కొట్టుకున్నారు. 1802లో హోల్కర్ పేష్వా రెండో బాజీరావు, సింధియాలను ఓడించాడు. బాజీరావు పారిపోయి 31 డిసెంబర్ 1802న బస్సేన్ సంధి చేశాడు — సైన్య సహకార ఒప్పందం: కంపెనీ సైన్యం అతని రాజ్యంలో, దాని ఖర్చుకు భూమి, కంపెనీ అనుమతి లేకుండా విదేశీ సంబంధాలు లేవు. ఇంటి తాళాలు పొరుగువాడికి ఇచ్చి 'నన్ను కాపాడు' అన్నట్టు. సింధియా, భోంస్లే దీన్ని మరాఠా స్వాతంత్ర్యాన్ని అమ్మేయడంగా చూసి యుద్ధానికి దిగారు (1803–05): అస్సాయే (ఆర్థర్ వెల్లెస్లీ), లాస్వారీ, ఢిల్లీ (లేక్). దేవ్‌గావ్ సంధి (భోంస్లే — కటక్), సుర్జీ-అర్జన్‌గావ్ (సింధియా), రాజ్‌ఘాట్ (హోల్కర్, 1805). (→ English: Subsidiary alliance · हिन्दी: सहायक संधि)

In exam EnglishPeace broke down after the deaths of Mahadji Sindhia (1794) and Nana Phadnavis (1800), when the Maratha chiefs fought for control of Poona. In October 1802 Yashwantrao Holkar defeated the forces of the Peshwa Baji Rao II and Daulat Rao Sindhia near Poona. Baji Rao fled to the coast and on 31 December 1802 signed the Treaty of Bassein, accepting a Subsidiary alliance: a Company force would be stationed in his territory, paid for by ceded land, and he would conduct no foreign relations without the Company's consent. The Company restored him at Poona. Sindhia and the Bhonsle saw the treaty as the surrender of Maratha independence, and the Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803–05) followed. Arthur Wellesley, the Governor-General's brother, beat them at Assaye in 1803, and General Lake won at Laswari and took Delhi and Agra, bringing the Mughal emperor under British protection. By the Treaty of Deogaon the Bhonsle gave up Cuttack; by the Treaty of Surji-Arjangaon Sindhia gave up his lands between the Ganga and the Yamuna. Holkar fought on until the Treaty of Rajghat (1805).

చివరి దశ లార్డ్ హేస్టింగ్స్ (1813–23) కాలంలో. మధ్య భారతాన్ని దోచుకునే పిండారీ గుర్రపు దండులపై దాడి కంపెనీ సైన్యాన్ని మరాఠా గడ్డ మధ్యకు తెచ్చింది. మూడో ఆంగ్లో-మరాఠా యుద్ధం (1817–18): ఖడ్కీ (నవంబర్ 1817), కోరేగావ్ (1 జనవరి 1818) — పేష్వా ఓటమి; సీతాబుల్డీలో భోంస్లే, మహీద్‌పూర్‌లో హోల్కర్ ఓటమి. పేష్వా పదవే రద్దు; రెండో బాజీరావుకు పింఛను ఇచ్చి కాన్పూర్ దగ్గర బిఠూర్‌కు పంపారు. మరాఠా మనోభావాల కోసం శివాజీ వంశస్థుడు ప్రతాప్ సింగ్‌కు సతారాలో చిన్న రాజ్యం. ఆటలో ఓడిన జట్టుకు 'ఓదార్పు బహుమతి' ఇచ్చినట్టు. మిగిలిన సర్దార్లు కంపెనీపై ఆధారపడ్డ రాజులుగా మాత్రమే. (→ English: Peshwa · हिन्दी: पेशवा)

In exam EnglishThe last round came under Lord Hastings (Governor-General 1813–23). His campaign against the Pindaris, bands of irregular horsemen who plundered central India and were loosely linked to Maratha chiefs, brought the Company's armies into the Maratha heartland, and the chiefs made a final attempt to throw off British control. In the Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817–18) the Peshwa's army attacked the British at Poona and was beaten at Khadki (Kirkee) in November 1817; a small Company force held off a much larger Maratha army at Koregaon on 1 January 1818. The Bhonsle was defeated at Sitabaldi near Nagpur and Holkar at Mahidpur. The office of Peshwa was abolished. Baji Rao II surrendered in 1818 and was sent with a pension to Bithur near Kanpur, and his lands were annexed to the Bombay Presidency. To soothe Maratha feeling, the Company created a small state at Satara for Pratap Singh, a descendant of Shivaji. Sindhia, Holkar, the Bhonsle and the Gaekwad survived only as dependent princes.
The three Anglo-Maratha wars
WarYearsGovernor-GeneralMain eventsEnded by
First1775–82Warren HastingsTreaty of Surat (1775), Treaty of Purandar (1776), Convention of Wadgaon (1779)Treaty of Salbai (1782), mediated by Mahadji Sindhia
Second1803–05WellesleyTreaty of Bassein (1802); Assaye and Laswari (1803); Delhi takenTreaties of Deogaon and Surji-Arjangaon (1803), Rajghat (1805)
Third1817–18Lord HastingsPindari campaign; Khadki (1817), Koregaon (1818), Sitabaldi, MahidpurPeshwaship abolished (1818); Baji Rao II to Bithur; Satara created

ఇంత బలమైన రెండు శక్తులు ఎందుకు ఓడాయి? మైసూరు ఆధునికంగా ఉన్నా ఒంటరి — 1790–92లో నిజాం, మరాఠాలు కంపెనీ వైపు; 1799లో టిప్పుకు ఎవరూ సాయం రాలేదు. మరాఠాలకు సంఖ్య, విశాల భూమి ఉన్నా నానా తర్వాత ఎవరి దారి వారిది; 1803, 1817లో ఒక్కొక్కరుగా ఓడారు. కంపెనీకి కలకత్తా నుంచి ఒకే విధానం, బెంగాల్ డబ్బుతో క్రమమైన జీతాలు, సముద్ర మార్గాలు, శత్రువులను విడదీసే దౌత్యం. ఐదుగురు వేర్వేరుగా లాగితే బండి కదలదు, ఒక్కడు ఒకే దిశలో లాగితే కదులుతుంది. 1818 నాటికి కంపెనీ అగ్రశక్తి — మైసూరు, మరాఠా రాజ్యాలు సైన్య సహకార ఒప్పందంతో కట్టుబడ్డాయి లేదా విలీనమయ్యాయి. సింధ్, పంజాబ్, అవధ్ మూడో భాగంలో. (→ English: Subsidiary alliance · हिन्दी: सहायक संधि)

In exam EnglishWhy did two such strong powers lose? Mysore was well organised and militarily modern, but it stood alone: in 1790–92 the Nizam and the Marathas fought on the Company's side, and in 1799 no Indian power came to Tipu's aid. The Marathas had numbers and a wide territory, but after Nana Phadnavis their chiefs pursued their own interests; Holkar's victory over the Peshwa opened the door to Bassein, and in 1803 and again in 1817 the chiefs were beaten separately. The Company, by contrast, had one policy directed from Calcutta, regular pay and supplies financed by Bengal, sea communications between its three presidencies, and diplomacy that kept its enemies apart. By 1818 it was the paramount power in India: Mysore and the Maratha states were bound by the Subsidiary alliance or annexed, and the Mughal emperor lived under its protection at Delhi. What remained outside its control, chiefly Sindh, Punjab and Awadh, is the subject of Part 3, together with the policies of Wellesley and Dalhousie that turned dependent states into British territory.

Exam traps

Recap

Practice questions

Q1. Which treaty ended the Second Anglo-Mysore War?

  1. Treaty of Madras
  2. Treaty of Mangalore
  3. Treaty of Seringapatam
  4. Treaty of Salbai
Show answer

Answer: B. Treaty of Mangalore

The Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780–84) ended with the Treaty of Mangalore (1784), under which both sides returned their conquests. The Treaty of Madras (1769) ended the First War, the Treaty of Seringapatam (1792) the Third War, and the Treaty of Salbai (1782) the First Anglo-Maratha War.

Q2. Consider the following statements about the Treaty of Bassein:
1. It was signed by Peshwa Baji Rao II, who accepted a subsidiary alliance with the Company.
2. It brought the Second Anglo-Maratha War to an end.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

  1. 1 only
  2. 2 only
  3. Both 1 and 2
  4. Neither 1 nor 2
Show answer

Answer: A. 1 only

Statement 1 is correct: Baji Rao II signed the treaty on 31 December 1802 after Holkar defeated him. Statement 2 is wrong: Sindhia and the Bhonsle saw the treaty as a surrender of Maratha independence, so it started the Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803–05), which ended with the treaties of Deogaon, Surji-Arjangaon and Rajghat. So (b), (c) and (d) are wrong.

Q3. Match List I with List II:
List I (War): A. Third Anglo-Mysore War B. Fourth Anglo-Mysore War C. First Anglo-Maratha War D. Third Anglo-Maratha War
List II (Governor-General): 1. Warren Hastings 2. Cornwallis 3. Wellesley 4. Lord Hastings
Select the correct answer using the code given below:

  1. A-2, B-3, C-1, D-4
  2. A-3, B-2, C-1, D-4
  3. A-2, B-3, C-4, D-1
  4. A-1, B-3, C-2, D-4
Show answer

Answer: A. A-2, B-3, C-1, D-4

Cornwallis led the Third Anglo-Mysore War (1790–92), Wellesley the Fourth (1799), Warren Hastings was Governor-General during the First Anglo-Maratha War (1775–82), and Lord Hastings during the Third (1817–18). Option (b) swaps Cornwallis and Wellesley; option (c) swaps the two Hastings; option (d) gives the Third Mysore War to Warren Hastings and the First Maratha War to Cornwallis, who arrived only in 1786.

Q4. Under the Treaty of Seringapatam (1792), which of the following were agreed?
1. Tipu Sultan gave up about half his kingdom to the allies.
2. Two of Tipu's sons were handed over as hostages.
3. Mysore accepted a subsidiary alliance with the Company.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:

  1. 1 and 2 only
  2. 2 and 3 only
  3. 1 and 3 only
  4. 1, 2 and 3
Show answer

Answer: A. 1 and 2 only

Statements 1 and 2 are correct: Tipu ceded about half his territory, paid an indemnity and gave two sons as hostages. Statement 3 is wrong: Tipu refused a subsidiary alliance; Mysore came under one only in 1799, after his death, when the Wodeyars were restored. So (b), (c) and (d), which include statement 3, are wrong.

Q5. The Treaty of Salbai (1782) between the East India Company and the Marathas was concluded through the mediation of

  1. Nana Phadnavis
  2. Mahadji Sindhia
  3. Yashwantrao Holkar
  4. Raghunathrao
Show answer

Answer: B. Mahadji Sindhia

Mahadji Sindhia mediated the Treaty of Salbai. Nana Phadnavis led the Poona ministers who were a party to the war, not the mediator; Yashwantrao Holkar became prominent only around 1800; Raghunathrao was the claimant whose cause the Company gave up at Salbai.

Q6. Which one of the following is the correct chronological order of these agreements?
1. Treaty of Salbai
2. Convention of Wadgaon
3. Treaty of Bassein
4. Treaty of Mangalore

  1. 2-1-4-3
  2. 1-2-4-3
  3. 2-4-1-3
  4. 2-1-3-4
Show answer

Answer: A. 2-1-4-3

Wadgaon was signed in 1779, Salbai in 1782, Mangalore in 1784 and Bassein in 1802, giving 2-1-4-3. Option (b) puts Salbai before Wadgaon; option (c) puts Mangalore before Salbai; option (d) puts Bassein before Mangalore.

Q7. Consider the following statements about the outcome of the Third Anglo-Maratha War:
1. The office of Peshwa was abolished.
2. Baji Rao II was sent with a pension to Bithur.
3. A small state was created at Satara for a descendant of Shivaji.
Which of the statements given above are correct?

  1. 1 and 2 only
  2. 2 and 3 only
  3. 1 and 3 only
  4. 1, 2 and 3
Show answer

Answer: D. 1, 2 and 3

All three are correct. After the war of 1817–18 the peshwaship was abolished, Baji Rao II surrendered and was pensioned off to Bithur near Kanpur, and the state of Satara was created for Pratap Singh. Each of the other options leaves out one correct statement.

Q8. Which of the following pairs are correctly matched?
1. Pollilur (1780) : Haidar Ali defeated a Company force
2. Assaye (1803) : Arthur Wellesley defeated Sindhia and the Bhonsle
3. Koregaon (1818) : Tipu Sultan's last battle
Select the correct answer using the code given below:

  1. 1 and 2 only
  2. 2 and 3 only
  3. 1 only
  4. 1, 2 and 3
Show answer

Answer: A. 1 and 2 only

Pairs 1 and 2 are correct. Pair 3 is wrong: Koregaon (1 January 1818) was a battle of the Third Anglo-Maratha War against the Peshwa's army; Tipu had died at Seringapatam in 1799. So (b) and (d), which include pair 3, are wrong, and (c) leaves out pair 2.

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