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English · हिन्दी · తెలుగు · தமிழ் · മലയാളം · मराठी · ಕನ್ನಡ

Mysore and the Marathas (1761–1818)

ಕನ್ನಡದಲ್ಲಿ ವಿವರಣೆ

British expansion in India · Part 2 / 1 · Fact-checked on · how we check

Written with AI from the sources listed at the bottom of this page, then fact-checked by a separate AI.

The rise of Mysore under Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan and the four Anglo-Mysore wars (Madras 1769, Mangalore 1784, Seringapatam 1792, the fall of Seringapatam 1799); the Maratha confederacy after Panipat and the three Anglo-Maratha wars (Surat, Purandar, Wadgaon and Salbai; Bassein, Assaye and Laswari; Khadki, Koregaon and the end of the peshwaship in 1818); and why both powers lost.

Each idea is explained first in Kannada (ಕನ್ನಡ), ending with the English and Hindi exam terms, followed by the same point in exam English. UPSC Prelims is in English or Hindi, so understand it in Kannada and revise it in English.

ಬಂಗಾಳದ ಹಣದೊಂದಿಗೆ ಕಂಪನಿ ಈಗ ಇಬ್ಬರು ಬಲಿಷ್ಠ ಎದುರಾಳಿಗಳನ್ನು ಎದುರಿಸಿತು: ಹೈದರ್ ಅಲಿ, ಟಿಪ್ಪು ಸುಲ್ತಾನರ ಮೈಸೂರು (1767–1799ರ ನಡುವೆ ನಾಲ್ಕು ಯುದ್ಧಗಳು), ಮರಾಠ ಒಕ್ಕೂಟ (1775–1818ರ ನಡುವೆ ಮೂರು ಯುದ್ಧಗಳು). ಇಬ್ಬರೂ ಬೇಗ ಬೀಳಲಿಲ್ಲ. ಆದರೆ ಒಗ್ಗಟ್ಟಿರಲಿಲ್ಲ — ನಿಜಾಮ ಮತ್ತು ಮರಾಠರು ಟಿಪ್ಪುವಿನ ವಿರುದ್ಧ ಬ್ರಿಟಿಷರ ಕಡೆ ಸೇರಿದರು; ಮರಾಠ ಸರದಾರರು ಒಬ್ಬೊಬ್ಬರಾಗಿ ಹೋರಾಡಿದರು. ಒಂದು ಕೋಲು ಸುಲಭವಾಗಿ ಮುರಿಯುತ್ತದೆ, ಕಟ್ಟು ಕಟ್ಟಿದರೆ ಮುರಿಯುವುದಿಲ್ಲ ಎಂಬ ಕಥೆ ನೆನಪಿದೆಯೇ? ಪ್ರತಿ ಗೆಲುವಿನೊಂದಿಗೆ ಸಹಾಯಕ ಸೈನ್ಯ ಪದ್ಧತಿ ಹರಡಿತು — ರಾಜನಿಗೆ ಸಿಂಹಾಸನ, ರಕ್ಷಣೆ ಮತ್ತು ವಿದೇಶಾಂಗ ವ್ಯವಹಾರ ಕಂಪನಿಗೆ. (→ English: Subsidiary alliance · हिन्दी: सहायक संधि)

In exam EnglishPart 1 showed how the Company won Bengal and with it a steady flow of revenue. That money now met two strong opponents in the south and west. One was Mysore under Haidar Ali and his son Tipu Sultan, who fought four wars with the Company between 1767 and 1799. The other was the Maratha confederacy, the largest Indian power of the late eighteenth century, which fought three wars with the Company between 1775 and 1818. Neither fell quickly, and Mysore in particular came close to defeating the Company more than once. Both lost in the end, partly because Indian powers seldom stood together: the Nizam of Hyderabad and the Marathas joined the British against Tipu, and the Maratha chiefs fought the Company one by one. Each victory also spread the Subsidiary alliance, under which a defeated or frightened ruler kept his throne but handed his defence and foreign policy to the Company; Part 3 looks at that system in detail.

ಮೈಸೂರಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಹೆಸರಿಗೆ ಒಡೆಯರ್ ರಾಜರು; ಅಧಿಕಾರ ಮಂತ್ರಿಗಳು, ಸೇನಾಪತಿಗಳ ಕೈಯಲ್ಲಿ. ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯ ಸೈನಿಕ ಹೈದರ್ ಅಲಿ ಮೇಲೇರಿ 1761ರ ಹೊತ್ತಿಗೆ ನಿಜವಾದ ಆಡಳಿತಗಾರನಾದ. ಕರ್ನಾಟಿಕ್ ಯುದ್ಧಗಳ ಪಾಠ ಅವನಿಗೆ ಅರ್ಥವಾಗಿತ್ತು: ಫ್ರೆಂಚ್ ನೆರವಿನಿಂದ ದಿಂಡಿಗಲ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ಶಸ್ತ್ರಾಗಾರ, ಯುರೋಪಿಯನ್ ತರಬೇತಿ, ವೇಗದ ಅಶ್ವದಳ. ಮಗ ಟಿಪ್ಪು ಸುಲ್ತಾನ್ (1782ರಿಂದ) ಹೊಸ ನಾಣ್ಯಗಳು, ಹೊಸ ಪಂಚಾಂಗ, ಹೊಸ ಅಳತೆ-ತೂಕ ತಂದ; ಯುದ್ಧದಲ್ಲಿ ಕಬ್ಬಿಣದ ರಾಕೆಟ್ ಬಳಸಿದ. ಟಿಪ್ಪುವಿನ ದೃಷ್ಟಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ನಿಜವಾದ ಶತ್ರು ಕಂಪನಿಯೇ, ಆದ್ದರಿಂದ ಫ್ರಾನ್ಸ್ ನೆರವು ಕೋರಿದ. ಪಕ್ಕದ ಮನೆಯವನ ಜೊತೆ ಜಗಳವಲ್ಲ, ಊರಿಗೆ ನುಗ್ಗಿದ ಹೊರಗಿನವನೇ ಅಪಾಯ ಎಂದು ಗುರುತಿಸಿದಂತೆ. (→ English: Haidar Ali and Tipu Sultan · हिन्दी: हैदर अली और टीपू सुल्तान)

In exam EnglishMysore was ruled by the Wodeyar dynasty, but by the middle of the eighteenth century real power lay with ministers and commanders. Haidar Ali, a soldier of modest origins, rose through the army and by 1761 had become the de facto ruler, leaving the Wodeyar king as a figurehead. He understood what the Carnatic wars had taught: he set up an arsenal at Dindigul with French help, trained infantry and artillery in the European manner and kept a fast cavalry able to strike deep into enemy territory. His son Tipu Sultan, who succeeded him in 1782, went further. He issued new coins, introduced a new calendar and new weights and measures, encouraged trade and manufacture, and used iron-cased rockets in battle to great effect. Tipu saw the Company, not his Indian neighbours, as the main danger, and he sought help from France against it. This made him, in British eyes, the most dangerous ruler in the south.

ಮೊದಲ ಆಂಗ್ಲೋ-ಮೈಸೂರು ಯುದ್ಧ (1767–69): ಕಂಪನಿ, ನಿಜಾಮ, ಮರಾಠರು ಒಟ್ಟಾಗಿ ಹೈದರ್ ವಿರುದ್ಧ. ಹೈದರ್ ಮರಾಠರಿಗೆ ಹಣ ಕೊಟ್ಟು ದೂರ ಸರಿಸಿ, ನೇರವಾಗಿ ಮದ್ರಾಸ್ ತನಕ ಬಂದ — ಮದ್ರಾಸ್ ಒಪ್ಪಂದ (1769): ಗೆದ್ದದ್ದನ್ನು ವಾಪಸ್, ಮೂರನೇ ಶಕ್ತಿ ದಾಳಿ ಮಾಡಿದರೆ ಪರಸ್ಪರ ಸಹಾಯ. ಆ ಮಾತೇ ಎರಡನೇ ಯುದ್ಧಕ್ಕೆ ಕಾರಣ: 1771ರಲ್ಲಿ ಮರಾಠರು ದಾಳಿ ಮಾಡಿದಾಗ ಕಂಪನಿ ಸಹಾಯ ಮಾಡಲಿಲ್ಲ; 1779ರಲ್ಲಿ ಮಾಹೆ ವಶಪಡಿಸಿಕೊಂಡಿತು. ಎರಡನೇ ಯುದ್ಧ (1780–84): ಪೊಳ್ಳಿಲೂರಿನಲ್ಲಿ (1780) ಹೈದರ್ ಗೆಲುವು, ಪೋರ್ಟೋ ನೋವೋದಲ್ಲಿ (1781) ಐರ್ ಕೂಟ್ ಗೆಲುವು; 1782ರಲ್ಲಿ ಹೈದರ್ ಮರಣ; ಮಂಗಳೂರು ಒಪ್ಪಂದ (1784) — ಮತ್ತೆ ಎಲ್ಲ ವಾಪಸ್. 'ಕಷ್ಟದಲ್ಲಿ ಜೊತೆಗಿರುತ್ತೇನೆ' ಎಂದು ಹೇಳಿ ಮುಖ ತಿರುಗಿಸಿದ ಗೆಳೆಯನಂತೆ. (→ English: Treaty of Mangalore · हिन्दी: मंगलौर की संधि)

In exam EnglishThe First Anglo-Mysore War (1767–69) began when the Company, the Nizam and the Marathas combined against Haidar. He bought off the Marathas, briefly won over the Nizam and then carried the war to the Company's own doorstep, appearing near Madras in 1769. The frightened Madras government signed the Treaty of Madras (1769): each side returned the other's conquests, and the two promised to help each other if attacked by a third power. That promise caused the next war. When the Marathas attacked Mysore in 1771, the Company did not help, and in 1779 it seized Mahe, a French port that Haidar regarded as under his protection. In the Second War (1780–84) Haidar joined the Nizam and the Marathas against the Company, destroyed a British force under Colonel Baillie at Pollilur in 1780 and took Arcot. Warren Hastings sent Sir Eyre Coote, who defeated Haidar at Porto Novo in 1781, and drew the Nizam and the Marathas away from the alliance. Haidar died in December 1782; Tipu fought on until the Treaty of Mangalore (1784), under which both sides again returned their conquests.

ಮೂರನೇ ಯುದ್ಧ (1790–92): ಟಿಪ್ಪು ಕಂಪನಿಯ ಮಿತ್ರ ತಿರುವಾಂಕೂರಿನ ಮೇಲೆ ದಾಳಿ ಮಾಡಿದ. ಕಾರ್ನ್‌ವಾಲಿಸ್ ನಿಜಾಮ, ಮರಾಠರ ಜೊತೆ ಸೇರಿ ಶ್ರೀರಂಗಪಟ್ಟಣಕ್ಕೆ ಮುತ್ತಿಗೆ ಹಾಕಿದ. ಶ್ರೀರಂಗಪಟ್ಟಣ ಒಪ್ಪಂದ (1792): ಟಿಪ್ಪು ಅರ್ಧ ರಾಜ್ಯ ಕಳೆದುಕೊಂಡ, ಭಾರೀ ಪರಿಹಾರ, ಇಬ್ಬರು ಮಕ್ಕಳು ಒತ್ತೆಯಾಳುಗಳಾಗಿ. ನಾಲ್ಕನೇ ಯುದ್ಧ (1799): ನೆಪೋಲಿಯನ್ ಈಜಿಪ್ಟ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿದ್ದಾಗ ಟಿಪ್ಪು ಫ್ರೆಂಚರನ್ನು ಕರೆಸುತ್ತಾನೆಂದು ವೆಲ್ಲೆಸ್ಲಿಗೆ ಭಯ; ಟಿಪ್ಪು ಸಹಾಯಕ ಸೈನ್ಯ ಪದ್ಧತಿಯನ್ನು ನಿರಾಕರಿಸಿದ. 4 ಮೇ 1799ರಂದು ಶ್ರೀರಂಗಪಟ್ಟಣ ಪತನ, ಟಿಪ್ಪು ಹೋರಾಡುತ್ತಾ ಮಡಿದ. ಒಡೆಯರ್ ಬಾಲಕ ಮೂರನೇ ಕೃಷ್ಣರಾಜ ಒಡೆಯರ್‌ನನ್ನು ಸಣ್ಣ ಮೈಸೂರಿನ ಸಿಂಹಾಸನಕ್ಕೆ ಕೂರಿಸಿದರು — ಬೀಗದ ಕೈ ಮಾತ್ರ ಕಂಪನಿಯ ಬಳಿ. (→ English: Subsidiary alliance · हिन्दी: सहायक संधि)

In exam EnglishThe Third War (1790–92) began when Tipu attacked Travancore, an ally of the Company, in 1789. Lord Cornwallis, the Governor-General, formed an alliance with the Nizam and the Marathas, led the campaign himself and besieged Seringapatam, Tipu's capital. By the Treaty of Seringapatam (1792) Tipu gave up about half his kingdom to the three allies, paid a heavy war indemnity and handed over two of his sons as hostages until it was paid; the Company's share included Malabar, Dindigul and the Baramahal. The Fourth War (1799) was short. Lord Wellesley, who arrived in 1798, feared that Tipu would bring the French back into India while Napoleon was in Egypt, and Tipu refused to accept a Subsidiary alliance. Seringapatam was stormed on 4 May 1799 and Tipu died fighting in its defence. The Company restored the Wodeyar family, placing a boy, Krishnaraja Wodeyar III, on the throne of a smaller Mysore bound by a subsidiary treaty, and kept Kanara, Coimbatore and Seringapatam itself.
The four Anglo-Mysore wars
WarYearsCompany sideMysore rulerEnded by
First1767–69Madras government (with the Nizam and Marathas at first)Haidar AliTreaty of Madras (1769): conquests returned, mutual defence
Second1780–84Warren Hastings; Eyre Coote (Porto Novo 1781)Haidar Ali, then Tipu SultanTreaty of Mangalore (1784): conquests returned
Third1790–92Cornwallis, with the Nizam and the MarathasTipu SultanTreaty of Seringapatam (1792): half the kingdom, indemnity, two sons as hostages
Fourth1799WellesleyTipu Sultan (killed 4 May 1799)Fall of Seringapatam; Wodeyars restored under a subsidiary alliance

ಪಾಣಿಪತ್ ಮೂರನೇ ಕದನದಲ್ಲಿ (14 ಜನವರಿ 1761) ಅಬ್ದಾಲಿಯ ಕೈಯಲ್ಲಿ ಮರಾಠರು ಭಾರೀ ಸೋಲು ಕಂಡರು; ಆದರೆ ಯುವ ಪೇಶ್ವೆ ಮೊದಲನೇ ಮಾಧವರಾವ್ ಮತ್ತೆ ಬಲ ತಂದ (1772ರಲ್ಲಿ ಮರಣ). ಆ ವೇಳೆಗೆ ಮರಾಠ ರಾಜ್ಯ ಒಂದು ಒಕ್ಕೂಟ: ಪೂನಾದಲ್ಲಿ ಪೇಶ್ವೆ ಮುಖ್ಯಸ್ಥ; ಪ್ರದೇಶಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಸಿಂಧಿಯಾ (ಗ್ವಾಲಿಯರ್), ಹೋಳ್ಕರ್ (ಇಂದೋರ್), ಭೋಂಸ್ಲೆ (ನಾಗಪುರ), ಗಾಯಕವಾಡ್ (ಬರೋಡಾ). ಕೂಡು ಕುಟುಂಬದಲ್ಲಿ ಹಿರಿಯರು ಹೋದ ಮೇಲೆ ಹಕ್ಕಿನ ಜಗಳ ಬಂದರೆ ಹೊರಗಿನವರಿಗೆ ಅವಕಾಶ ಸಿಗುತ್ತದಲ್ಲ — 1773ರಲ್ಲಿ ನಾರಾಯಣರಾವ್ ಹತ್ಯೆ; ಚಿಕ್ಕಪ್ಪ ರಘುನಾಥರಾವ್ (ರಘೋಬಾ) ಹಕ್ಕು ಮಂಡಿಸಿದ; ನಾನಾ ಫಡ್ನವೀಸ್ ನೇತೃತ್ವದ ಬಾರಾಭಾಯಿ ಮಂಡಳಿ ಹಸುಗೂಸು ಸವಾಯಿ ಮಾಧವರಾವ್ ಹೆಸರಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಆಡಳಿತ ನಡೆಸಿತು. ರಘೋಬಾ ಬೊಂಬಾಯಿಯ ಇಂಗ್ಲಿಷರ ಸಹಾಯ ಕೇಳಿದ. (→ English: Peshwa · हिन्दी: पेशवा)

In exam EnglishThe Marathas had suffered a heavy defeat at the hands of Ahmad Shah Abdali in the Third Battle of Panipat on 14 January 1761, but the young Peshwa Madhavrao I restored much of their power before his death in 1772. By then the Maratha state was a confederacy rather than a single kingdom. The Peshwa at Poona, the chief minister who had become the real head of the state, led it in name, while great chiefs ruled their own regions: the Sindhias of Gwalior, the Holkars of Indore, the Bhonsles of Nagpur and the Gaekwads of Baroda. Trouble at the centre gave the Company its opening. Madhavrao's successor Narayanrao was murdered in 1773, and his uncle Raghunathrao, known as Raghoba, claimed the office. A group of ministers led by Nana Phadnavis, the Barabhai council, set him aside and ruled in the name of Narayanrao's infant son, Sawai Madhavrao. Raghunathrao turned to the English at Bombay for help.

ಮೊದಲ ಆಂಗ್ಲೋ-ಮರಾಠ ಯುದ್ಧ (1775–82): ಸೂರತ್ ಒಪ್ಪಂದ (1775) — ಸಾಲ್ಸೆಟ್, ಬಸ್ಸೀನ್ ಕೊಟ್ಟರೆ ರಘೋಬಾನನ್ನು ಸಿಂಹಾಸನಕ್ಕೆ ತರುತ್ತೇವೆಂದು ಬೊಂಬಾಯಿ ಸರ್ಕಾರ. ಕಲ್ಕತ್ತಾದ ವಾರನ್ ಹೇಸ್ಟಿಂಗ್ಸ್ ಒಪ್ಪಲಿಲ್ಲ — ಪುರಂದರ ಒಪ್ಪಂದದಿಂದ (1776) ಅದನ್ನು ರದ್ದುಮಾಡಿದ. ಮತ್ತೆ ಯುದ್ಧ; 1779ರಲ್ಲಿ ಸುತ್ತುವರಿದ ಬೊಂಬಾಯಿ ಸೈನ್ಯ ವಡಗಾಂವ್ ಒಪ್ಪಂದದಲ್ಲಿ ಎಲ್ಲವನ್ನೂ ಬಿಟ್ಟುಕೊಟ್ಟಿತು — ಹೇಸ್ಟಿಂಗ್ಸ್ ಅದನ್ನು ತಿರಸ್ಕರಿಸಿದ. ಯಾರೂ ಪೂರ್ಣ ಗೆಲ್ಲಲಿಲ್ಲ. ಸಾಲ್ಬಾಯಿ ಒಪ್ಪಂದ (1782), ಮಹಾದಜಿ ಸಿಂಧಿಯಾ ಮಧ್ಯಸ್ಥಿಕೆ: ಕಂಪನಿಗೆ ಸಾಲ್ಸೆಟ್, ಸವಾಯಿ ಮಾಧವರಾವ್ ಪೇಶ್ವೆ ಎಂದು ಮಾನ್ಯತೆ, ರಘೋಬಾಗೆ ಪಿಂಚಣಿ. ಊರಿನ ಹಿರಿಯರು ಎರಡು ಕುಟುಂಬಗಳ ನಡುವೆ ರಾಜಿ ಮಾಡಿಸಿದಂತೆ. ಇಪ್ಪತ್ತು ವರ್ಷ ಶಾಂತಿ — ಕಂಪನಿ ಮೈಸೂರಿನತ್ತ ಗಮನ ಹರಿಸಿತು. (→ English: Treaty of Salbai · हिन्दी: सालबाई की संधि)

In exam EnglishThe First Anglo-Maratha War (1775–82) grew out of this quarrel. By the Treaty of Surat (1775) the Bombay government agreed to restore Raghunathrao in return for Salsette and Bassein. The Calcutta government under Warren Hastings, which the Regulating Act had just placed above Bombay and Madras in matters of war and peace, disapproved and made the Treaty of Purandar (1776) with the Poona ministers, cancelling Surat. Fighting soon resumed, and in 1779 a Bombay army that had marched towards Poona was surrounded and forced to sign the Convention of Wadgaon, giving up all the Company's gains; Hastings refused to accept it and sent troops across central India. Neither side could win outright. The war ended with the Treaty of Salbai (1782), arranged through the mediation of Mahadji Sindhia: the Company kept Salsette, recognised Sawai Madhavrao as Peshwa, gave up the cause of Raghunathrao, who received a pension, and returned most other conquests. Salbai brought twenty years of peace with the Marathas, which let the Company concentrate on Mysore.

ಮಹಾದಜಿ ಸಿಂಧಿಯಾ (1794), ನಾನಾ ಫಡ್ನವೀಸ್ (1800) ಸಾವಿನ ನಂತರ ಸರದಾರರು ಪೂನಾಕ್ಕಾಗಿ ಕಾದಾಡಿದರು. 1802ರಲ್ಲಿ ಹೋಳ್ಕರ್ ಪೇಶ್ವೆ ಎರಡನೇ ಬಾಜಿರಾವ್ ಮತ್ತು ಸಿಂಧಿಯಾರನ್ನು ಸೋಲಿಸಿದ. ಬಾಜಿರಾವ್ ಓಡಿಹೋಗಿ 31 ಡಿಸೆಂಬರ್ 1802ರಂದು ಬಸ್ಸೀನ್ ಒಪ್ಪಂದ ಮಾಡಿಕೊಂಡ — ಸಹಾಯಕ ಸೈನ್ಯ ಪದ್ಧತಿ: ಕಂಪನಿ ಸೈನ್ಯ ಅವನ ರಾಜ್ಯದಲ್ಲಿ, ಖರ್ಚಿಗೆ ಭೂಮಿ, ಕಂಪನಿಯ ಒಪ್ಪಿಗೆ ಇಲ್ಲದೆ ವಿದೇಶಿ ಸಂಬಂಧ ಇಲ್ಲ. ಮನೆಯ ಬೀಗದ ಕೈಯನ್ನು ನೆರೆಯವನಿಗೆ ಕೊಟ್ಟು 'ನನ್ನನ್ನು ಕಾಪಾಡು' ಎಂದಂತೆ. ಸಿಂಧಿಯಾ, ಭೋಂಸ್ಲೆ ಇದನ್ನು ಮರಾಠ ಸ್ವಾತಂತ್ರ್ಯವನ್ನು ಮಾರಿದಂತೆ ಕಂಡು ಯುದ್ಧಕ್ಕಿಳಿದರು (1803–05): ಅಸ್ಸಾಯೆ (ಆರ್ಥರ್ ವೆಲ್ಲೆಸ್ಲಿ), ಲಾಸ್ವಾರಿ, ದೆಹಲಿ (ಲೇಕ್). ದೇವಗಾಂವ್ ಒಪ್ಪಂದ (ಭೋಂಸ್ಲೆ — ಕಟಕ್), ಸುರ್ಜಿ-ಅರ್ಜನ್‌ಗಾಂವ್ (ಸಿಂಧಿಯಾ), ರಾಜಘಾಟ್ (ಹೋಳ್ಕರ್, 1805). (→ English: Subsidiary alliance · हिन्दी: सहायक संधि)

In exam EnglishPeace broke down after the deaths of Mahadji Sindhia (1794) and Nana Phadnavis (1800), when the Maratha chiefs fought for control of Poona. In October 1802 Yashwantrao Holkar defeated the forces of the Peshwa Baji Rao II and Daulat Rao Sindhia near Poona. Baji Rao fled to the coast and on 31 December 1802 signed the Treaty of Bassein, accepting a Subsidiary alliance: a Company force would be stationed in his territory, paid for by ceded land, and he would conduct no foreign relations without the Company's consent. The Company restored him at Poona. Sindhia and the Bhonsle saw the treaty as the surrender of Maratha independence, and the Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803–05) followed. Arthur Wellesley, the Governor-General's brother, beat them at Assaye in 1803, and General Lake won at Laswari and took Delhi and Agra, bringing the Mughal emperor under British protection. By the Treaty of Deogaon the Bhonsle gave up Cuttack; by the Treaty of Surji-Arjangaon Sindhia gave up his lands between the Ganga and the Yamuna. Holkar fought on until the Treaty of Rajghat (1805).

ಕೊನೆಯ ಸುತ್ತು ಲಾರ್ಡ್ ಹೇಸ್ಟಿಂಗ್ಸ್ (1813–23) ಕಾಲದಲ್ಲಿ. ಮಧ್ಯ ಭಾರತವನ್ನು ಲೂಟಿ ಮಾಡುತ್ತಿದ್ದ ಪಿಂಡಾರಿ ಕುದುರೆ ದಂಡುಗಳ ವಿರುದ್ಧದ ಕಾರ್ಯಾಚರಣೆ ಕಂಪನಿ ಸೈನ್ಯವನ್ನು ಮರಾಠ ನಾಡಿನ ಮಧ್ಯಕ್ಕೆ ತಂದಿತು. ಮೂರನೇ ಆಂಗ್ಲೋ-ಮರಾಠ ಯುದ್ಧ (1817–18): ಖಡ್ಕಿ (ನವೆಂಬರ್ 1817), ಕೋರೆಗಾಂವ್ (1 ಜನವರಿ 1818) — ಪೇಶ್ವೆಯ ಸೋಲು; ಸೀತಾಬುಲ್ಡಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಭೋಂಸ್ಲೆ, ಮಹಿದ್‌ಪುರದಲ್ಲಿ ಹೋಳ್ಕರ್ ಸೋಲು. ಪೇಶ್ವೆ ಹುದ್ದೆಯೇ ರದ್ದು; ಎರಡನೇ ಬಾಜಿರಾವ್‌ಗೆ ಪಿಂಚಣಿ ಕೊಟ್ಟು ಕಾನ್ಪುರದ ಬಳಿ ಬಿಠೂರಿಗೆ ಕಳುಹಿಸಿದರು. ಮರಾಠ ಭಾವನೆ ತಣಿಸಲು ಶಿವಾಜಿಯ ವಂಶಸ್ಥ ಪ್ರತಾಪ್ ಸಿಂಗ್‌ಗೆ ಸತಾರಾದಲ್ಲಿ ಸಣ್ಣ ರಾಜ್ಯ. ಆಟದಲ್ಲಿ ಸೋತ ತಂಡಕ್ಕೆ 'ಸಮಾಧಾನಕರ ಬಹುಮಾನ' ಕೊಟ್ಟಂತೆ. ಉಳಿದ ಸರದಾರರು ಕಂಪನಿಯನ್ನು ಅವಲಂಬಿಸಿದ ರಾಜರಾಗಿ ಮಾತ್ರ. (→ English: Peshwa · हिन्दी: पेशवा)

In exam EnglishThe last round came under Lord Hastings (Governor-General 1813–23). His campaign against the Pindaris, bands of irregular horsemen who plundered central India and were loosely linked to Maratha chiefs, brought the Company's armies into the Maratha heartland, and the chiefs made a final attempt to throw off British control. In the Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817–18) the Peshwa's army attacked the British at Poona and was beaten at Khadki (Kirkee) in November 1817; a small Company force held off a much larger Maratha army at Koregaon on 1 January 1818. The Bhonsle was defeated at Sitabaldi near Nagpur and Holkar at Mahidpur. The office of Peshwa was abolished. Baji Rao II surrendered in 1818 and was sent with a pension to Bithur near Kanpur, and his lands were annexed to the Bombay Presidency. To soothe Maratha feeling, the Company created a small state at Satara for Pratap Singh, a descendant of Shivaji. Sindhia, Holkar, the Bhonsle and the Gaekwad survived only as dependent princes.
The three Anglo-Maratha wars
WarYearsGovernor-GeneralMain eventsEnded by
First1775–82Warren HastingsTreaty of Surat (1775), Treaty of Purandar (1776), Convention of Wadgaon (1779)Treaty of Salbai (1782), mediated by Mahadji Sindhia
Second1803–05WellesleyTreaty of Bassein (1802); Assaye and Laswari (1803); Delhi takenTreaties of Deogaon and Surji-Arjangaon (1803), Rajghat (1805)
Third1817–18Lord HastingsPindari campaign; Khadki (1817), Koregaon (1818), Sitabaldi, MahidpurPeshwaship abolished (1818); Baji Rao II to Bithur; Satara created

ಇಷ್ಟು ಬಲಿಷ್ಠ ಎರಡು ಶಕ್ತಿಗಳು ಏಕೆ ಸೋತವು? ಮೈಸೂರು ಆಧುನಿಕವಾಗಿದ್ದರೂ ಏಕಾಂಗಿ — 1790–92ರಲ್ಲಿ ನಿಜಾಮ ಮತ್ತು ಮರಾಠರು ಕಂಪನಿಯ ಕಡೆ; 1799ರಲ್ಲಿ ಟಿಪ್ಪುವಿಗೆ ಯಾರೂ ನೆರವಿಗೆ ಬರಲಿಲ್ಲ. ಮರಾಠರಿಗೆ ಸಂಖ್ಯೆ, ವಿಶಾಲ ನಾಡು ಇದ್ದರೂ ನಾನಾ ನಂತರ ಒಬ್ಬೊಬ್ಬರದು ಒಂದೊಂದು ದಾರಿ; 1803 ಮತ್ತು 1817ರಲ್ಲಿ ಒಬ್ಬೊಬ್ಬರಾಗಿ ಸೋತರು. ಕಂಪನಿಗೆ ಕಲ್ಕತ್ತಾದಿಂದ ಒಂದೇ ನೀತಿ, ಬಂಗಾಳದ ಹಣದಿಂದ ತಪ್ಪದ ಸಂಬಳ, ಸಮುದ್ರ ಮಾರ್ಗಗಳು, ಶತ್ರುಗಳನ್ನು ದೂರವಿಡುವ ರಾಜತಂತ್ರ. ಐವರು ಐದು ದಿಕ್ಕಿಗೆ ಎಳೆದರೆ ಗಾಡಿ ಕದಲುವುದಿಲ್ಲ; ಒಬ್ಬನೇ ಒಂದೇ ದಿಕ್ಕಿಗೆ ಎಳೆದರೆ ಕದಲುತ್ತದೆ. 1818ರ ಹೊತ್ತಿಗೆ ಕಂಪನಿ ಸರ್ವೋಚ್ಚ ಶಕ್ತಿ — ಮೈಸೂರು ಮತ್ತು ಮರಾಠ ರಾಜ್ಯಗಳು ಸಹಾಯಕ ಸೈನ್ಯ ಪದ್ಧತಿಗೆ ಕಟ್ಟುಬಿದ್ದವು ಅಥವಾ ವಿಲೀನವಾದವು. ಸಿಂಧ್, ಪಂಜಾಬ್, ಅವಧ್ ಮೂರನೇ ಭಾಗದಲ್ಲಿ. (→ English: Subsidiary alliance · हिन्दी: सहायक संधि)

In exam EnglishWhy did two such strong powers lose? Mysore was well organised and militarily modern, but it stood alone: in 1790–92 the Nizam and the Marathas fought on the Company's side, and in 1799 no Indian power came to Tipu's aid. The Marathas had numbers and a wide territory, but after Nana Phadnavis their chiefs pursued their own interests; Holkar's victory over the Peshwa opened the door to Bassein, and in 1803 and again in 1817 the chiefs were beaten separately. The Company, by contrast, had one policy directed from Calcutta, regular pay and supplies financed by Bengal, sea communications between its three presidencies, and diplomacy that kept its enemies apart. By 1818 it was the paramount power in India: Mysore and the Maratha states were bound by the Subsidiary alliance or annexed, and the Mughal emperor lived under its protection at Delhi. What remained outside its control, chiefly Sindh, Punjab and Awadh, is the subject of Part 3, together with the policies of Wellesley and Dalhousie that turned dependent states into British territory.

Exam traps

Recap

Practice questions

Q1. Which treaty ended the Second Anglo-Mysore War?

  1. Treaty of Madras
  2. Treaty of Mangalore
  3. Treaty of Seringapatam
  4. Treaty of Salbai
Show answer

Answer: B. Treaty of Mangalore

The Second Anglo-Mysore War (1780–84) ended with the Treaty of Mangalore (1784), under which both sides returned their conquests. The Treaty of Madras (1769) ended the First War, the Treaty of Seringapatam (1792) the Third War, and the Treaty of Salbai (1782) the First Anglo-Maratha War.

Q2. Consider the following statements about the Treaty of Bassein:
1. It was signed by Peshwa Baji Rao II, who accepted a subsidiary alliance with the Company.
2. It brought the Second Anglo-Maratha War to an end.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

  1. 1 only
  2. 2 only
  3. Both 1 and 2
  4. Neither 1 nor 2
Show answer

Answer: A. 1 only

Statement 1 is correct: Baji Rao II signed the treaty on 31 December 1802 after Holkar defeated him. Statement 2 is wrong: Sindhia and the Bhonsle saw the treaty as a surrender of Maratha independence, so it started the Second Anglo-Maratha War (1803–05), which ended with the treaties of Deogaon, Surji-Arjangaon and Rajghat. So (b), (c) and (d) are wrong.

Q3. Match List I with List II:
List I (War): A. Third Anglo-Mysore War B. Fourth Anglo-Mysore War C. First Anglo-Maratha War D. Third Anglo-Maratha War
List II (Governor-General): 1. Warren Hastings 2. Cornwallis 3. Wellesley 4. Lord Hastings
Select the correct answer using the code given below:

  1. A-2, B-3, C-1, D-4
  2. A-3, B-2, C-1, D-4
  3. A-2, B-3, C-4, D-1
  4. A-1, B-3, C-2, D-4
Show answer

Answer: A. A-2, B-3, C-1, D-4

Cornwallis led the Third Anglo-Mysore War (1790–92), Wellesley the Fourth (1799), Warren Hastings was Governor-General during the First Anglo-Maratha War (1775–82), and Lord Hastings during the Third (1817–18). Option (b) swaps Cornwallis and Wellesley; option (c) swaps the two Hastings; option (d) gives the Third Mysore War to Warren Hastings and the First Maratha War to Cornwallis, who arrived only in 1786.

Q4. Under the Treaty of Seringapatam (1792), which of the following were agreed?
1. Tipu Sultan gave up about half his kingdom to the allies.
2. Two of Tipu's sons were handed over as hostages.
3. Mysore accepted a subsidiary alliance with the Company.
Select the correct answer using the code given below:

  1. 1 and 2 only
  2. 2 and 3 only
  3. 1 and 3 only
  4. 1, 2 and 3
Show answer

Answer: A. 1 and 2 only

Statements 1 and 2 are correct: Tipu ceded about half his territory, paid an indemnity and gave two sons as hostages. Statement 3 is wrong: Tipu refused a subsidiary alliance; Mysore came under one only in 1799, after his death, when the Wodeyars were restored. So (b), (c) and (d), which include statement 3, are wrong.

Q5. The Treaty of Salbai (1782) between the East India Company and the Marathas was concluded through the mediation of

  1. Nana Phadnavis
  2. Mahadji Sindhia
  3. Yashwantrao Holkar
  4. Raghunathrao
Show answer

Answer: B. Mahadji Sindhia

Mahadji Sindhia mediated the Treaty of Salbai. Nana Phadnavis led the Poona ministers who were a party to the war, not the mediator; Yashwantrao Holkar became prominent only around 1800; Raghunathrao was the claimant whose cause the Company gave up at Salbai.

Q6. Which one of the following is the correct chronological order of these agreements?
1. Treaty of Salbai
2. Convention of Wadgaon
3. Treaty of Bassein
4. Treaty of Mangalore

  1. 2-1-4-3
  2. 1-2-4-3
  3. 2-4-1-3
  4. 2-1-3-4
Show answer

Answer: A. 2-1-4-3

Wadgaon was signed in 1779, Salbai in 1782, Mangalore in 1784 and Bassein in 1802, giving 2-1-4-3. Option (b) puts Salbai before Wadgaon; option (c) puts Mangalore before Salbai; option (d) puts Bassein before Mangalore.

Q7. Consider the following statements about the outcome of the Third Anglo-Maratha War:
1. The office of Peshwa was abolished.
2. Baji Rao II was sent with a pension to Bithur.
3. A small state was created at Satara for a descendant of Shivaji.
Which of the statements given above are correct?

  1. 1 and 2 only
  2. 2 and 3 only
  3. 1 and 3 only
  4. 1, 2 and 3
Show answer

Answer: D. 1, 2 and 3

All three are correct. After the war of 1817–18 the peshwaship was abolished, Baji Rao II surrendered and was pensioned off to Bithur near Kanpur, and the state of Satara was created for Pratap Singh. Each of the other options leaves out one correct statement.

Q8. Which of the following pairs are correctly matched?
1. Pollilur (1780) : Haidar Ali defeated a Company force
2. Assaye (1803) : Arthur Wellesley defeated Sindhia and the Bhonsle
3. Koregaon (1818) : Tipu Sultan's last battle
Select the correct answer using the code given below:

  1. 1 and 2 only
  2. 2 and 3 only
  3. 1 only
  4. 1, 2 and 3
Show answer

Answer: A. 1 and 2 only

Pairs 1 and 2 are correct. Pair 3 is wrong: Koregaon (1 January 1818) was a battle of the Third Anglo-Maratha War against the Peshwa's army; Tipu had died at Seringapatam in 1799. So (b) and (d), which include pair 3, are wrong, and (c) leaves out pair 2.

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