Study this in the app →

English · हिन्दी · తెలుగు · தமிழ் · മലയാളം · मराठी · ಕನ್ನಡ

Waste and the waste rules

తెలుగులో వివరణ

Pollution · Part 3 / 3 · Fact-checked on · how we check

Written with AI from the sources listed at the bottom of this page, then fact-checked by a separate AI.

Why waste becomes pollution; the Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016 and segregation at source; collection, processing and sanitary landfills; extended producer responsibility; plastic carry bag thickness, the single-use plastic ban and EPR for packaging; e-waste rules of 2016 and 2022; colour-coded bio-medical waste; hazardous, battery and construction waste rules; who is responsible under each.

Each idea is explained first in Telugu (తెలుగు), ending with the English and Hindi exam terms, followed by the same point in exam English. UPSC Prelims is in English or Hindi, so understand it in Telugu and revise it in English.

ఇంట్లో పడేసే చెత్త సరిగా చూడకపోతే కాలుష్యమే. ఊరి బయట చెత్త కుప్ప నుంచి మురికి నీరు భూమిలోకి ఇంకుతుంది, మంటలు వస్తాయి, ప్లాస్టిక్ కాలువలను మూసేస్తుంది. ప్రతి చెత్త నియమాన్ని మూడు ప్రశ్నలతో చూడండి: ఎవరు తయారుచేశారు? ఎవరు ఎత్తి శుద్ధి చేయాలి? ఎవరు తనిఖీ చేస్తారు? పెళ్ళి భోజనం తర్వాత ఆకులు ఎవరు ఎత్తాలో ముందే చెప్పుకున్నట్టు. (→ English: solid waste; waste management rules; Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 · हिन्दी: ठोस अपशिष्ट; अपशिष्ट प्रबंधन नियम; पर्यावरण (संरक्षण) अधिनियम, 1986)

In exam EnglishThe first two parts of this chapter dealt with pollution that spreads through air, water, soil and sound. This last part deals with the solid things people throw away, and with the set of rules India has made to manage them. Waste becomes pollution when it is dumped or burnt carelessly: open dumps leak toxic liquid into groundwater, catch fire and release methane, and plastic blocks drains and reaches rivers and the sea. Almost all the waste rules are made by the Union government under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, and most of the present set was rewritten in 2016. Each rule covers one kind of waste and answers the same three questions: who produces it, who must collect and treat it, and who checks that this is done. Keeping those three questions in mind makes the rules easy to tell apart.

ఇంట్లో మూడు డబ్బాలు ఊహించండి: ఒకటి కూరగాయల తొక్కలు, అన్నం లాంటి తడి చెత్తకు; రెండోది కాగితం, ప్లాస్టిక్, డబ్బాల లాంటి పొడి చెత్తకు; మూడోది పాత బ్యాటరీ, గడువు దాటిన మాత్రల లాంటి ప్రమాద చెత్తకు. ఇదే మూలం వద్దే వేరుచేయడం. ఒక్కసారి అన్నీ కలిసిపోతే మళ్ళీ వేరుచేయడం బియ్యంలో రాళ్ళు ఏరినంత కష్టం. చెత్తను రోడ్డుపై వేయకూడదు, కాల్చకూడదు; పెద్ద హోటళ్ళు, సొసైటీలు తడి చెత్తను తమ దగ్గరే మార్చుకోవాలి. (→ English: Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016; segregation at source; wet, dry and domestic hazardous waste; bulk generator · हिन्दी: ठोस अपशिष्ट प्रबंधन नियम, 2016; स्रोत पर पृथक्करण; गीला, सूखा और घरेलू परिसंकटमय अपशिष्ट; बड़ा उत्पादक)

In exam EnglishThe Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016 replaced the municipal solid waste rules of 2000 and reach well beyond city limits: they also apply to census towns, urban agglomerations, notified industrial townships, railways, airports, ports, special economic zones, places of pilgrimage and similar areas. Their central idea is segregation at source. Every household and other generator must keep its waste in three separate streams: biodegradable or wet waste such as kitchen scraps, non-biodegradable or dry waste such as paper, plastic and metal, and domestic hazardous waste such as used batteries, paint cans and expired medicines. Generators must hand the waste to authorised collectors, may be charged a user fee fixed by the local body, and must not burn, bury or throw waste in streets, open spaces, drains or water bodies. Bulk generators, such as large housing societies, hotels and markets, are expected to process their wet waste on their own premises as far as possible.

వేరుచేసిన చెత్తను మునిసిపాలిటీ, పంచాయతీ ఇంటింటికీ వచ్చి తీసుకెళ్ళాలి. తడి చెత్త ఎరువుగా లేదా గోబర్ గ్యాస్ లాగా బయోగ్యాస్‌గా మారుతుంది. పొడి చెత్తలో అమ్మగలిగేది రీసైక్లింగ్‌కు, కాలేది ఇంధనంగా. ఏమీ పనికిరాని చివరి మిగులు మాత్రమే శానిటరీ ల్యాండ్‌ఫిల్‌కు; అది కింద పొర వేసి, కారే మురికి నీటిని పట్టే ఏర్పాటు ఉన్న గొయ్యి, ఊరి బయటి చెత్త కుప్ప కాదు. ఇంట్లో ఆఖరి గతి చెత్తబుట్ట అయినట్టు, ఇక్కడ ఆఖరి గతి ల్యాండ్‌ఫిల్. (→ English: door-to-door collection; composting; biomethanation; waste-to-energy; sanitary landfill; Swachh Bharat Mission · हिन्दी: घर-घर संग्रह; कम्पोस्टिंग; जैव-मीथेनीकरण; अपशिष्ट-से-ऊर्जा; स्वच्छ भराव क्षेत्र; स्वच्छ भारत मिशन)

In exam EnglishOnce waste is separated, the local body takes over. Municipalities and panchayats must arrange door-to-door collection of segregated waste, and set up facilities to process it rather than simply dump it. Wet waste goes to composting or to biomethanation, in which microbes digest it without air and give off biogas. Dry waste is sorted for recycling, and the part that cannot be recycled but burns well may be turned into fuel or sent to waste-to-energy plants. Only what is left after all this, inert material that cannot be reused, recycled or processed, may go to a sanitary landfill: an engineered site with a liner and a system to collect the liquid that seeps out, quite unlike an open dump. The rules also ask for old dumpsites to be cleared or capped. The Swachh Bharat Mission, launched on 2 October 2014, funds much of this work in towns and villages alongside its sanitation goals.

బిస్కెట్ ప్యాకెట్ కవర్ పడేసిన తర్వాత దాని బాధ్యత ఎవరిది? విస్తరించిన ఉత్పత్తిదారు బాధ్యత ప్రకారం ఆ కవర్ తయారుచేసిన కంపెనీదే. కంపెనీ తను అమ్మినదానిలో కొంత భాగాన్ని సేకరించి రీసైకిల్ చేయించినట్టు రుజువు చూపాలి, లేకపోతే జరిమానా. ఇది కాలుష్యకారుడే చెల్లించే సూత్రం: పాత్రలు వాడినవాడే కడగాలి అన్నట్టు. అప్పుడు కంపెనీ తక్కువ ప్లాస్టిక్ వాడే ఆలోచన చేస్తుంది. (→ English: extended producer responsibility (EPR); polluter pays principle; environmental compensation · हिन्दी: विस्तारित उत्पादक उत्तरदायित्व; प्रदूषक भुगतान सिद्धांत; पर्यावरणीय प्रतिकर)

In exam EnglishLocal bodies cannot handle every product on their own, especially packaging, electronics and batteries that are made in vast numbers and are costly to recycle. The answer the rules use is extended producer responsibility (EPR): the company that makes, imports or sells a product under its brand remains responsible for it after the customer throws it away. In practice a producer must register with the Central Pollution Control Board, accept a target for collecting or recycling a share of what it puts on the market, and prove that the target was met, usually by obtaining certificates from registered recyclers through an online portal. A producer that falls short can be made to pay environmental compensation. EPR applies the polluter pays principle to the whole life of a product: the cost of dealing with waste is pushed back to the firm that designed it, which gives that firm a reason to use less material and to make products easier to recycle.

సన్నని ప్లాస్టిక్ సంచి చెత్త ఏరేవాళ్ళు కూడా ఎత్తరు, అది గాలికి ఎగిరి కాలువల్లో చేరుతుంది. అందుకే సంచికి కనీస మందం పెట్టారు, అది క్రమంగా 120 మైక్రాన్లకు పెరిగింది. 1 జూలై 2022 నుంచి ఒక్కసారి వాడే ప్లాస్టిక్ వస్తువులు కొన్ని నిషేధం: ప్లాస్టిక్ ప్లేట్లు, గ్లాసులు, చెంచాలు, ఇయర్‌బడ్ పుల్లలు, అలంకరణ థర్మోకోల్ లాంటివి. పెళ్ళిలో వాడి పారేసే ప్లేటు, గ్లాసు గుర్తుకు తెచ్చుకోండి; అవే ఈ జాబితా. (→ English: Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016; carry bag thickness (microns); single-use plastic · हिन्दी: प्लास्टिक अपशिष्ट प्रबंधन नियम, 2016; कैरी बैग की मोटाई (माइक्रॉन); एकल-उपयोग प्लास्टिक)

In exam EnglishThe Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016 replaced the plastic rules of 2011 and have been amended several times since. One tool is a minimum thickness for plastic carry bags, because thin bags are hardly ever collected for recycling. The limit was 50 microns under the 2016 Rules; a 2021 amendment raised it to 75 microns from 30 September 2021 and to 120 microns from 31 December 2022. Bags made of compostable plastic are exempt from the thickness rule but must meet their own standard and labelling. The bigger step was a ban on identified single-use plastic items with low usefulness and high littering, in force from 1 July 2022. It covers their manufacture, import, stocking, distribution, sale and use, and the list includes earbuds with plastic sticks, plastic sticks for balloons, flags, candy and ice-cream, polystyrene (thermocol) for decoration, plastic plates, cups, glasses and cutlery, stirrers, and wrapping film around sweet boxes, invitation cards and cigarette packets.

నూనె ప్యాకెట్, షాంపూ సీసా లాంటి ప్యాకింగ్‌ను పూర్తిగా ఆపలేం, అందుకే విస్తరించిన ఉత్పత్తిదారు బాధ్యత. కంపెనీకి ఏటా లక్ష్యం: ఇంత సేకరించాలి, ఇంత రీసైకిల్ చేయాలి, కొత్త ప్యాకింగ్‌లో ఇంత పాత ప్లాస్టిక్ వాడాలి. గట్టి సీసా, మెత్తని కవర్, కాగితం-అల్యూమినియం కలిసిన పొరల ప్యాక్, కంపోస్ట్ అయ్యే షీట్: నాలుగు రకాలు. లెక్కలు ఆన్‌లైన్ సర్టిఫికెట్లతో, పరీక్ష మార్కుల జాబితా లాగా. (→ English: extended producer responsibility for plastic packaging; EPR certificate; co-processing · हिन्दी: प्लास्टिक पैकेजिंग हेतु विस्तारित उत्पादक उत्तरदायित्व; EPR प्रमाणपत्र; सह-संसाधन)

In exam EnglishPlastic packaging cannot be banned outright, so it is handled through extended producer responsibility. Guidelines added to the Plastic Waste Management Rules in February 2022 make producers, importers and brand owners collect and process the packaging they place on the market, with year-wise targets for recycling, for reuse of rigid packaging and for using recycled plastic in new packaging. The guidelines sort packaging into four categories: rigid plastic; flexible plastic of single or multiple layers; multilayered packaging that combines plastic with another material such as paper or aluminium; and sheets made of compostable plastic. Fulfilment is tracked through EPR certificates on a centralised online portal run by the Central Pollution Control Board, and producers who miss targets pay environmental compensation. The same rules make local bodies responsible for collecting and segregating plastic waste in their areas, and ask them to use plastic waste that cannot be recycled for road building, energy recovery or co-processing in cement kilns.

పాత ఫోన్, టీవీ, ఫ్రిజ్: ఇవే ఇ-వ్యర్థాలు. లోపల రాగి, బంగారం లాంటి విలువైనవి ఉన్నాయి, కానీ సీసం, పాదరసం లాంటి విషాలు కూడా. గల్లీల్లో తీగలు కాల్చి, బోర్డులను ఆమ్లంలో నానబెడితే పనివాళ్ళకు, చుట్టుపక్కల మట్టికి హాని. 2022 నియమాల ప్రకారం కంపెనీలు, రిపేర్ చేసేవాళ్ళు, రీసైక్లర్లు అందరూ ఆన్‌లైన్‌లో నమోదు చేసుకోవాలి; కంపెనీ లక్ష్యాన్ని రీసైక్లర్ ఇచ్చే సర్టిఫికెట్లతో చూపాలి. (→ English: e-waste; E-Waste (Management) Rules, 2016 and 2022; producer responsibility organisation; EPR certificate · हिन्दी: ई-अपशिष्ट; ई-अपशिष्ट (प्रबंधन) नियम, 2016 और 2022; उत्पादक उत्तरदायित्व संगठन; EPR प्रमाणपत्र)

In exam Englishe-waste is discarded electrical and electronic equipment: phones, computers, televisions, refrigerators and their parts. It contains valuable metals such as copper and gold but also lead, mercury, cadmium and brominated flame retardants, and in India a large share is still taken apart in small unregistered units, where copper is recovered by setting cables alight and gold by dipping boards in acid, to the harm of the workers and of the soil and water around them. India's first e-waste rules came in 2011. The E-Waste (Management) Rules, 2016 put producers under extended producer responsibility with collection targets, allowed producer responsibility organisations to do the collecting for them, and brought in compact fluorescent and other mercury-containing lamps. The E-Waste (Management) Rules, 2022, in force from 1 April 2023, replaced them with a system closer to the plastic one: producers, manufacturers, refurbishers and recyclers must all register on a CPCB portal, producers get recycling targets, and they meet them by buying EPR certificates generated by registered recyclers.

ఆస్పత్రిలో వాడిన కట్టు, సూది, మందుల సీసా: ఇవే జీవ వైద్య వ్యర్థాలు. మామూలు చెత్తలో కలిస్తే రోగాలు వ్యాపిస్తాయి, సూదులు చెత్త ఏరేవాళ్ళకు గుచ్చుకుంటాయి. అందుకే ఆస్పత్రి లోపలే రంగుల డబ్బాల్లో వేరుచేయాలి: పసుపు, ఎరుపు, తెలుపు, నీలం. ట్రాఫిక్ సిగ్నల్ రంగు చూసి ఆగినట్టు, డబ్బా రంగు చూసి దాని శుద్ధి విధానం తెలుస్తుంది. ప్రతి సంచికి బార్ కోడ్, ఎక్కడి నుంచి వచ్చిందో తెలియడానికి. (→ English: bio-medical waste; Bio-Medical Waste Management Rules, 2016; colour coding; common treatment facility · हिन्दी: जैव-चिकित्सा अपशिष्ट; जैव-चिकित्सा अपशिष्ट प्रबंधन नियम, 2016; रंग-कोडिंग; साझा उपचार सुविधा)

In exam Englishbio-medical waste is waste produced in the diagnosis, treatment or immunisation of people or animals and in related research: soiled dressings, body parts, used syringes, discarded medicines, laboratory cultures and the like. A small share of hospital waste is infectious, but mixed with ordinary garbage it can spread disease, and needles injure waste pickers. The Bio-Medical Waste Management Rules, 2016 make every health care facility, including clinics, laboratories, blood banks and immunisation camps, responsible for segregating such waste at the point where it is produced into colour-coded containers and handing it to a common treatment facility. The four categories and their treatment are shown in the table below. The rules also asked hospitals to phase out chlorinated plastic bags, gloves and blood bags, which release dioxins when burnt, to pre-treat laboratory waste on site, and to put bar codes on waste bags so that each bag can be traced to its source.
Colour-coded categories under the Bio-Medical Waste Management Rules, 2016
ColourTypical wasteTreatment
YellowBody parts, animal waste, soiled dressings, discarded medicines, chemical and microbiology wasteIncineration, plasma pyrolysis or deep burial
RedContaminated recyclable items: tubing, bottles, catheters, syringes without needles, glovesAutoclaving or microwaving, then shredding and recycling
White (translucent)Sharps: needles, scalpels, bladesAutoclaving or dry heat sterilisation, then shredding or encapsulation
BlueGlassware and metallic body implantsDisinfection, then recycling

ఫ్యాక్టరీల విషపు బురద, వాడిన నూనె లాంటివి ప్రమాదకర వ్యర్థాలు. నియమం చెప్పే వరుస: ముందు తయారుకాకుండా ఆపు, తర్వాత తగ్గించు, మళ్ళీ వాడు, రీసైకిల్ చేయు; పారేయడం చివరి దారి. పాత బట్టను ముందు మళ్ళీ తొడిగి, తర్వాత తుడుపుగుడ్డగా వాడి, చివరికి పారేసినట్టు. బయటి దేశాల విషపు చెత్తను పారేయడానికే దిగుమతి చేసుకోలేం. బ్యాటరీలకు కంపెనీ బాధ్యత; ఇల్లు కట్టేవాడే తన శిథిలాలను సేకరించాలి. (→ English: hazardous waste; waste hierarchy; Basel Convention; Battery Waste Management Rules, 2022; construction and demolition waste · हिन्दी: परिसंकटमय अपशिष्ट; अपशिष्ट पदानुक्रम; बेसल अभिसमय; बैटरी अपशिष्ट प्रबंधन नियम, 2022; निर्माण और विध्वंस अपशिष्ट)

In exam EnglishThree more sets of rules complete the system. The Hazardous and Other Wastes (Management and Transboundary Movement) Rules, 2016 deal with hazardous waste from industry, such as toxic sludge, spent solvents and used oil, and with 'other wastes' such as waste tyres, paper waste and metal scrap. They set an order of preference, prevention first, then minimisation, reuse, recycling, recovery and co-processing, with safe disposal last; they make the occupier of the factory responsible for safe handling; and they control imports and exports in line with the Basel Convention, under which India may not import hazardous waste merely for disposal. The Battery Waste Management Rules, 2022 replaced the battery rules of 2001 and cover every kind of battery, including electric-vehicle, portable, automotive and industrial batteries, with extended producer responsibility, collection and recycling targets and a required share of recycled material in new batteries. The Construction and Demolition Waste Management Rules, 2016 make the builder responsible for collecting, segregating and storing debris, and promote the use of recycled construction material.

అన్ని చెత్త నియమాలకూ ఒకే సూత్రం: ఎవరి చెత్త వాళ్ళదే బాధ్యత. ఇంటి చెత్తకు ముందు మనం వేరుచేయాలి, తర్వాత మునిసిపాలిటీ. ప్యాకెట్లు, ఫోన్లు, బ్యాటరీలకు కంపెనీ. ఆస్పత్రి చెత్తకు ఆస్పత్రి, ఫ్యాక్టరీ విషానికి ఫ్యాక్టరీ, శిథిలాలకు కట్టేవాడు. వరుస కూడా ఒకటే: తగ్గించు, వేరుచేయు, మళ్ళీ వాడు, రీసైకిల్ చేయు, చివరిగా గొయ్యి. ఇంటి పనుల పట్టికలో ఎవరి పని వాళ్ళకు రాసినట్టు. (→ English: waste rules; responsibility of the generator; waste hierarchy; State Pollution Control Board · हिन्दी: अपशिष्ट नियम; उत्पादक का उत्तरदायित्व; अपशिष्ट पदानुक्रम; राज्य प्रदूषण नियंत्रण बोर्ड)

In exam EnglishPut side by side, the waste rules follow one pattern. Each is made under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986; each names the person who must act first, and that person changes with the waste. For household waste it is the citizen, who must segregate, and then the local body, which must collect and process. For packaging, electronics and batteries it is the producer, through extended producer responsibility and certificates traded on CPCB portals. For hospital waste it is the health care facility, for industrial hazardous waste the occupier of the factory, and for debris the builder. State pollution control boards and pollution control committees in union territories enforce the rules, with the CPCB coordinating. Across all of them runs the same order of preference: reduce and segregate first, reuse and recycle next, recover energy after that, and landfill only what is left. Together with the first two parts, this completes the chapter on pollution.
Which waste rule covers what, and who acts first
RulesWaste coveredFirst responsibility
Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016Household, commercial and institutional wasteGenerator segregates; local body collects and processes
Plastic Waste Management Rules, 2016Plastic carry bags, packaging, single-use itemsProducers, importers and brand owners (EPR); local bodies
E-Waste (Management) Rules, 2022Discarded electrical and electronic equipmentProducers (EPR), with registered recyclers
Bio-Medical Waste Management Rules, 2016Waste from health care and related researchHealth care facility; common treatment facility
Hazardous and Other Wastes Rules, 2016Industrial hazardous waste; tyres, paper, metal scrapOccupier of the factory
Battery Waste Management Rules, 2022All batteries, including electric-vehicle batteriesProducers (EPR)
Construction and Demolition Waste Management Rules, 2016Building debrisBuilder or waste generator

Exam traps

Recap

Practice questions

Q1. Consider the following statements about the Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016:
1. They apply only within the limits of municipal corporations.
2. They require waste generators to segregate waste into wet, dry and domestic hazardous streams.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

  1. 1 only
  2. 2 only
  3. Both 1 and 2
  4. Neither 1 nor 2
Show answer

Answer: B. 2 only

Statement 1 is wrong: the 2016 Rules reach beyond municipal areas to census towns, urban agglomerations, industrial townships, railways, airports, SEZs and places of pilgrimage, so options 1 and 3 are wrong. Statement 2 is correct, so option 4 is wrong.

Q2. Under the Solid Waste Management Rules, 2016, which one of the following should normally reach a sanitary landfill?

  1. Kitchen and garden waste
  2. Clean paper and cardboard
  3. Inert residue that cannot be reused, recycled or processed
  4. Plastic waste of high calorific value
Show answer

Answer: C. Inert residue that cannot be reused, recycled or processed

Landfill is the last step, meant only for inert residue. Kitchen and garden waste should be composted or biomethanated, clean paper recycled, and non-recyclable plastic of high calorific value used for energy recovery or co-processing, so options 1, 2 and 4 are wrong.

Q3. The principle of extended producer responsibility in India's waste rules means that:

  1. the consumer must return every used product to the shop
  2. the producer remains responsible for collecting or recycling its product or packaging after use
  3. local bodies must buy back used products from households
  4. the government pays producers to recycle their products
Show answer

Answer: B. the producer remains responsible for collecting or recycling its product or packaging after use

EPR puts the end-of-life duty on the producer, importer or brand owner, with targets proved through certificates. It does not place the duty on the consumer, does not make local bodies buy products back, and works on polluter pays rather than the government paying producers, so options 1, 3 and 4 are wrong.

Q4. Consider the following statements:
1. Under the Plastic Waste Management Rules, plastic carry bags must be at least 120 microns thick from 31 December 2022.
2. The ban on identified single-use plastic items came into force on 1 July 2022.
3. The ban applies to all plastic packaging of food items.
Which of the statements given above are correct?

  1. 1 and 2 only
  2. 2 and 3 only
  3. 1 and 3 only
  4. 1, 2 and 3
Show answer

Answer: A. 1 and 2 only

Statements 1 and 2 are correct. Statement 3 is wrong: the ban covers a list of identified items such as plastic cutlery, earbuds with plastic sticks and thermocol for decoration, while packaging is handled through extended producer responsibility; so options 2, 3 and 4, which include statement 3, are wrong.

Q5. Under the Bio-Medical Waste Management Rules, 2016, used needles and scalpel blades are to be placed in a container of which colour?

  1. Yellow
  2. Red
  3. White (translucent)
  4. Blue
Show answer

Answer: C. White (translucent)

Sharps go into puncture-proof white (translucent) containers. Yellow is for body parts, soiled dressings and discarded medicines; red is for contaminated recyclable plastic items such as tubing and syringes without needles; blue is for glassware and metallic implants.

Q6. Consider the following pairs:
Rules : Waste covered
1. Battery Waste Management Rules, 2022 : Electric-vehicle batteries
2. E-Waste (Management) Rules, 2022 : Building debris
3. Hazardous and Other Wastes Rules, 2016 : Waste tyres and metal scrap
Which of the pairs given above are correctly matched?

  1. 1 and 2 only
  2. 2 and 3 only
  3. 1 and 3 only
  4. 1, 2 and 3
Show answer

Answer: C. 1 and 3 only

Pairs 1 and 3 are correct: the battery rules cover all batteries including EV batteries, and tyres and metal scrap are 'other wastes' under the 2016 hazardous waste rules. Pair 2 is wrong because building debris falls under the Construction and Demolition Waste Management Rules, 2016, so options 1, 2 and 4, which include pair 2, are wrong.

Q7. Consider the following statements about India's e-waste rules:
1. The E-Waste (Management) Rules, 2016 brought compact fluorescent and other mercury-containing lamps within their scope.
2. The E-Waste (Management) Rules, 2022 came into force on 1 April 2023.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

  1. 1 only
  2. 2 only
  3. Both 1 and 2
  4. Neither 1 nor 2
Show answer

Answer: C. Both 1 and 2

Both statements are correct, so options 1 and 2, which accept only one of them, and option 4, which rejects both, are wrong.

Q8. The waste management rules discussed above, such as those on solid, plastic, bio-medical and hazardous waste, have been made under which law?

  1. The Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
  2. The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981
  3. The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986
  4. The National Green Tribunal Act, 2010
Show answer

Answer: C. The Environment (Protection) Act, 1986

The waste rules are made by the Union government under its rule-making powers in the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. The Water and Air Acts deal with discharges and emissions through the pollution control boards, and the NGT Act sets up a tribunal to decide disputes; none of them is the parent law of these rules.

← Part 2All partsQuick recap →

Study this in the Upscore app to keep notes, save it for revision, track your practice scores and follow a plan to the exam date. It's free.

Study this in the app →

Sources