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English · हिन्दी · తెలుగు · தமிழ் · മലയാളം · मराठी · ಕನ್ನಡ

Pollution laws, the Environment (Protection) Act and environmental clearance

తెలుగులో వివరణ

Environmental laws and bodies · Part 1 / 3 · Fact-checked on · how we check

Written with AI from the sources listed at the bottom of this page, then fact-checked by a separate AI.

The constitutional base of environmental law; the Water Act, 1974 and the Air Act, 1981 and the pollution control boards they run on; consent and the colour categories of industry; the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, its key sections and what is made under it; environment impact assessment under the 2006 notification; the Coastal Regulation Zone.

Each idea is explained first in Telugu (తెలుగు), ending with the English and Hindi exam terms, followed by the same point in exam English. UPSC Prelims is in English or Hindi, so understand it in Telugu and revise it in English.

మన పర్యావరణ చట్టాలు ఒకేసారి ఒక పుస్తకంగా రాలేదు. ఇల్లు కట్టుకుంటూ అవసరం వచ్చినప్పుడల్లా ఒక్కో గది కలిపినట్టు, సమస్య వచ్చిన ప్రతిసారీ ఒక కొత్త చట్టం వచ్చింది: ముందు నీటి, గాలి కాలుష్యం మీద, తర్వాత భోపాల్ దుర్ఘటన తర్వాత అన్నిటినీ కప్పే ఒక గొడుగు చట్టం, ఆ తర్వాత పెద్ద ప్రాజెక్టులకు ముందస్తు అనుమతి. ఏ నియమం ఏ చట్టం కింద వచ్చింది, దాన్ని ఎవరు అమలు చేస్తారు అనే జంటను గుర్తుపెట్టుకోవడమే ఈ అధ్యాయం సారం. (→ English: environmental laws; umbrella Act · हिन्दी: पर्यावरण क़ानून; छत्र अधिनियम)

In exam EnglishIndia's environmental law was not written as one code. It grew in layers, each answering a problem of its time: laws against water and air pollution in the 1970s and early 1980s, an umbrella Act after the Bhopal gas disaster, and from the 1990s prior approval for big projects. Part 1 covers the pollution laws, the boards that enforce them, the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 and two instruments made under it, environment impact assessment and coastal regulation. Part 2 takes up forest law and forest rights; Part 3 the Biological Diversity Act, the National Green Tribunal and the principles built by the courts. Throughout, ask of any rule: under which Act was it made, and which body enforces it? Many exam traps sit in that pairing.

రాజ్యాంగం రెండు ఇస్తుంది: బాధ్యత, అధికారం. రాజ్య విధాన ఆదేశిక సూత్రాలు లోని 48A ప్రభుత్వానికి, ప్రాథమిక విధులు లోని 51A(g) ప్రతి పౌరుడికీ ప్రకృతిని కాపాడమని చెబుతాయి. నీరు రాష్ట్రాల విషయం కాబట్టి, రెండు మూడు ఇళ్ళవాళ్ళు "మా తరఫున మీరే నిర్ణయించండి" అని పెద్దాయనకు చెప్పినట్టు, రాష్ట్రాలు తీర్మానం చేశాకే నీటి చట్టం వచ్చింది (ఆర్టికల్ 252). గాలి చట్టం, పర్యావరణ చట్టం మాత్రం స్టాక్‌హోమ్ సదస్సు నిర్ణయాలను అమలు చేయడానికి 253 కింద వచ్చాయి. (→ English: Directive Principles of State Policy; Fundamental Duties; Article 252; Article 253 · हिन्दी: राज्य की नीति के निदेशक तत्व; मूल कर्तव्य; अनुच्छेद 252; अनुच्छेद 253)

In exam EnglishThe Constitution supplies both the duty and the power. The 42nd Amendment of 1976 added the duty: Article 48A, among the Directive Principles of State Policy, tells the State to try to protect and improve the environment and safeguard forests and wildlife, and Article 51A(g), among the Fundamental Duties, asks every citizen to protect the natural environment and show compassion for living creatures. The power came by two routes. Water was a State subject, so Parliament could pass the Water Act, 1974 only after two or more state legislatures resolved that it should, as Article 252 permits. For the Air Act, 1981 and the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, Parliament used Article 253, which lets it legislate for the whole country to implement an international agreement or a decision of an international conference. Both Acts name that conference: the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment, held at Stockholm in June 1972.

1974 నీటి చట్టం ఒక కొత్త పద్ధతి తెచ్చింది: నష్టం జరిగాక ఫిర్యాదు కాదు, జరగకముందే అనుమతి. ఇందుకోసం కేంద్రంలో, ప్రతి రాష్ట్రంలో ఒక కాలుష్య నియంత్రణ మండలి ఏర్పడింది. ఊరి చెరువులో ఎవరైనా మురుగు వదలాలంటే ముందు పంచాయతీ ఒప్పుకోవాలి అనుకోండి, అలాగే ఒక చక్కెర మిల్లు నదిలో నీళ్ళు వదలాలంటే మండలి అనుమతి తీసుకోవాలి, నీటిని శుద్ధి చేయాలి, మండలి పరీక్షకు ఒప్పుకోవాలి. (→ English: Water Act, 1974; Pollution Control Board; consent · हिन्दी: जल अधिनियम, 1974; प्रदूषण नियंत्रण बोर्ड; सहमति)

In exam EnglishThe Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 was the first big pollution law. It created specialist regulators, a Central Board and a Board for each state, each now known as a Pollution Control Board. The core rule is prior permission: nobody may set up an industry, operation or process likely to discharge sewage or trade effluent into a stream, well, sewer or onto land without the State Board's consent. The board fixes effluent standards as conditions of consent, may take samples and inspect premises, and may refuse consent. Suppose a sugar mill wants to release its washing water into a river: it must obtain consent, treat the water to the prescribed standard and let the board test what leaves its outlet. Pollution became a matter of permission before the harm, not of complaint after it.

1981 గాలి చట్టం కొత్త ఆఫీసు తెరవలేదు; నీటి పని చేస్తున్న మండలికే గాలి పని కూడా అప్పగించింది, ఒకే ఉద్యోగికి రెండు శాఖలు ఇచ్చినట్టు. రాష్ట్రం ఒక ప్రాంతాన్ని వాయు కాలుష్య నియంత్రణ ప్రాంతంగా ప్రకటిస్తే, అక్కడ ఫ్యాక్టరీకి మండలి అనుమతి కావాలి. 1987 సవరణ శబ్దాన్ని కూడా గాలి కాలుష్యంలో చేర్చింది; తర్వాతి సవరణలు మండలికి ఫ్యాక్టరీని మూయించే, కరెంటు నీళ్ళు ఆపించే అధికారం ఇచ్చాయి. (→ English: Air Act, 1981; air pollution control area; noise · हिन्दी: वायु अधिनियम, 1981; वायु प्रदूषण नियंत्रण क्षेत्र; शोर)

In exam EnglishThe Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1981 applied the same model to the air but created no new regulators: the boards already set up under the Water Act took on air work too, so the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and the State boards act under both laws. A state government may declare an air pollution control area, and inside it no industrial plant may be set up or run without the State Board's consent; the board can lay down emission standards and inspect plants. A 1987 amendment added noise to the definition of an air pollutant. Amendments of 1987 to the Air Act and of 1988 to the Water Act let the boards issue directions to any unit, including closing it or stopping its electricity or water, without waiting for a court.

కేంద్ర కాలుష్య నియంత్రణ మండలి చట్టబద్ధ సంస్థ, అంటే పార్లమెంటు చట్టం దాన్ని పుట్టించింది, రాజ్యాంగం కాదు. అది రాష్ట్ర మండళ్ళకు పెద్దన్న లాంటిది: సలహా ఇస్తుంది, వాటి మధ్య గొడవలు తీరుస్తుంది, ప్రమాణాలు నిర్ణయిస్తుంది. ఇల్లు కట్టడానికి ఒక అనుమతి, గృహప్రవేశానికి ఇంకో అనుమతి అన్నట్టు, ఫ్యాక్టరీకి 'స్థాపన సమ్మతి', తర్వాత 'నిర్వహణ సమ్మతి' కావాలి. ఎరుపు అంటే ఎక్కువ కాలుష్యం, తెలుపు అంటే అతి తక్కువ, దానికి సమ్మతి అక్కర్లేదు. (→ English: statutory body; consent to establish; consent to operate; red, orange, green and white categories · हिन्दी: सांविधिक निकाय; स्थापना की सहमति; संचालन की सहमति; लाल, नारंगी, हरी और सफ़ेद श्रेणियाँ)

In exam EnglishThe CPCB is a statutory body, first constituted in 1974 under the Water Act and working under the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change; the Constitution does not mention it. It advises the central government, coordinates the State boards and settles disputes among them, lays down standards and runs nationwide monitoring of air and water. In the Union territories its powers are delegated to Pollution Control Committees. The everyday tool is consent: a unit needs a consent to establish before construction and a consent to operate before production, both renewed periodically. Since 2016, industries have been grouped by pollution potential into four colour categories. Red units, such as large thermal power plants, are watched most closely; orange and green units face lighter scrutiny; and white units, the least polluting, need no consent at all.

1984 భోపాల్ విషవాయువు దుర్ఘటన తర్వాత అర్థమైంది: నీటికి ఒక చట్టం, గాలికి ఒక చట్టం సరిపోవు, ఒకే ఫ్యాక్టరీ నీరు, గాలి, నేల మూడింటినీ పాడు చేయగలదు. అందుకే 1986 పర్యావరణ (రక్షణ) చట్టం వచ్చింది. దాన్ని గొడుగు చట్టం అంటారు: వర్షంలో గొడుగు కింద అందరూ నిలబడినట్టు, పాత చట్టాలను తీసేయకుండా వాటిపైన ఉండి, అవి వదిలేసిన ఖాళీలను నింపుతుంది. చట్టం చిన్నదే, కానీ కేంద్రానికి వివరంగా నియమాలు చేసే పెద్ద అధికారం ఇస్తుంది. (→ English: Environment (Protection) Act, 1986; umbrella Act; Bhopal gas disaster · हिन्दी: पर्यावरण (संरक्षण) अधिनियम, 1986; छत्र अधिनियम; भोपाल गैस त्रासदी)

In exam EnglishThe Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 was passed in the shadow of the Bhopal gas disaster of December 1984, when methyl isocyanate escaped from the Union Carbide pesticide plant and killed thousands of people. The leak showed how narrow the existing laws were: each covered one medium, and none covered hazardous chemicals, land, or a single factory harming water, air and soil at once. It defines environment to include water, air and land and the inter-relationship among them and human beings, other living creatures, plants, micro-organisms and property. Hence it is called an umbrella Act: it does not replace the earlier laws but sits above them and fills their gaps. The Act itself is short; its real reach lies in the wide powers it gives the central government to frame rules and issue orders.

ఈ చట్టంలో కొన్ని సెక్షన్లే అసలు బలం. సెక్షన్ 3 కేంద్రానికి ఏ చర్య అయినా తీసుకునే అధికారం ఇస్తుంది, 3(3) ప్రత్యేక పనులకు సంస్థలను పెట్టనిస్తుంది. సెక్షన్ 5 అంటే స్కూల్ హెడ్మాస్టర్ రాతపూర్వకంగా "ఈ కొట్టు మూసేయండి, కరెంటు ఆపండి" అని ఆదేశించినట్టు. సెక్షన్ 19 సామాన్యుడికి తలుపు తెరుస్తుంది: అధికారులకు 60 రోజుల నోటీసు ఇచ్చి ఎవరైనా కోర్టులో ఫిర్యాదు చేయవచ్చు. 2023 జన విశ్వాస్ చట్టం జైలు శిక్షను చాలావరకు జరిమానాగా మార్చింది. (→ English: Section 3; Section 5 directions; Section 19 citizen complaint; Jan Vishwas Act, 2023 · हिन्दी: धारा 3; धारा 5 के निर्देश; धारा 19 नागरिक शिकायत; जन विश्वास अधिनियम, 2023)

In exam EnglishA few sections carry most of the EPA's force. Section 3 lets the central government take any measure it considers necessary to protect and improve the environment, from emission and discharge standards to restricting where industries may be located, and Section 3(3) lets it constitute authorities for particular tasks. Section 5 empowers it to issue written directions, which may include the closure, prohibition or regulation of an industry or the stopping of its electricity or water supply. Section 6 is the rule-making power, and Section 7 bars anyone from discharging pollutants beyond the prescribed standards. Section 19 lets a court act on a complaint by the government or by any person who has first given at least 60 days' notice to the authorities, a form of citizen suit. Penalties were originally imprisonment and fines; the Jan Vishwas (Amendment of Provisions) Act, 2023 largely replaced imprisonment with monetary penalties.

చెట్టు కాండం నుండి కొమ్మలు వచ్చినట్టు, ఈ చట్టం నుండి ఎన్నో నియమాలు వచ్చాయి: చెత్త, ప్లాస్టిక్, ఈ-వ్యర్థాలు, ఆసుపత్రి వ్యర్థాలు, శబ్దం, ఓజోన్ నియమాలు, రక్షిత ప్రాంతం చుట్టూ పర్యావరణ సున్నిత మండలం ప్రకటనలు, అన్నీ 1986 చట్టం కిందే. భూగర్భ జల అధికార సంస్థ కూడా దీని కిందే. కానీ ఢిల్లీ గాలి నాణ్యత కమిషన్ (2021) మాత్రం దాని సొంత చట్టంతో వచ్చింది, ఈ చట్టం కొమ్మ కాదు. (→ English: eco-sensitive zone; Noise Pollution Rules, 2000; Commission for Air Quality Management · हिन्दी: पारिस्थितिक संवेदनशील क्षेत्र; ध्वनि प्रदूषण नियम, 2000; वायु गुणवत्ता प्रबंधन आयोग)

In exam EnglishMuch of everyday regulation hangs from those sections. The rules on hazardous, bio-medical, plastic, electronic and solid waste, the Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000, the rules on ozone-depleting substances, and each notification declaring an eco-sensitive zone around a protected area are all made under the EPA, not under the Water or Air Act. Section 3(3) has also created standing bodies such as the Central Ground Water Authority and, in 1998, the Environment Pollution (Prevention and Control) Authority for the Delhi region. In 2021 Parliament replaced that Delhi authority with the Commission for Air Quality Management in the National Capital Region and Adjoining Areas, created by an Act of its own. The table below compares the three main pollution laws.
The three main pollution laws compared
LawConstitutional routeWho enforces itMain tool
Water Act, 1974Article 252 (state resolutions)Central and State Pollution Control Boards (created by this Act)Consent for discharge of sewage and effluent; effluent standards
Air Act, 1981Article 253 (Stockholm, 1972)The same boards; no new bodyAir pollution control areas; consent for plants; noise added in 1987
Environment (Protection) Act, 1986Article 253 (Stockholm, 1972)Central government; authorities under Section 3(3)Standards, directions (Section 5), rules (Section 6), EIA and CRZ notifications

పెళ్ళి మండపం కట్టాక కాదు, ప్లాను దశలోనే ఇంజనీరుకు చూపిస్తే మార్పులు చౌకగా అవుతాయి. పర్యావరణ ప్రభావ అంచనా అదే: ప్రాజెక్టు కాగితం మీద ఉన్నప్పుడే నష్టాన్ని లెక్కవేసి, తర్వాత పర్యావరణ అనుమతి ఇస్తారు. 2006 నోటిఫికేషన్‌లో పెద్ద ప్రాజెక్టులు 'A' (కేంద్ర మంత్రిత్వ శాఖ నిర్ణయం), చిన్నవి 'B' (రాష్ట్ర అధికార సంస్థ). B లో B1కి పూర్తి నివేదిక కావాలి, B2కి అక్కర్లేదు. (→ English: environment impact assessment; environmental clearance; Category A; Category B · हिन्दी: पर्यावरण प्रभाव आकलन; पर्यावरणीय स्वीकृति; श्रेणी A; श्रेणी B)

In exam EnglishThe best-known instrument under the EPA is the rule that big projects must obtain environmental clearance before work begins, on the basis of an environment impact assessment, so that likely harm is weighed while a project is still on paper and its site or design can be changed cheaply. The first EIA notification came in 1994. It was replaced by the EIA Notification of 14 September 2006, which, much amended, still governs the system. Its schedule sorts the projects covered into two categories. Category A projects are appraised at the national level by an Expert Appraisal Committee, and the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change decides. Category B projects go to a State Level Environment Impact Assessment Authority, advised by a State Expert Appraisal Committee, and are screened into B1, which needs a full EIA report, and B2, which does not.

నాలుగు దశలు గుర్తుపెట్టుకోండి: వడపోత (B1/B2 నిర్ణయం), పరిధి నిర్ణయం (ఏ ప్రశ్నలకు జవాబు కావాలి), ప్రజా సంప్రదింపులు, మూల్యాంకనం. ప్రజా సంప్రదింపులో ముఖ్యమైనది ప్రజాభిప్రాయ సేకరణ, దాన్ని రాష్ట్ర కాలుష్య నియంత్రణ మండలి నిర్వహిస్తుంది. ఊరి పక్కన సిమెంట్ ఫ్యాక్టరీ వస్తుంటే, "దుమ్ము పంటల మీద పడుతుంది, వాగు ఎండిపోతుంది" అని రైతులు అక్కడే చెప్పవచ్చు; ఆ మాటలు నివేదికలో రాసి జవాబు ఇవ్వాలి. (→ English: screening; scoping; public consultation; public hearing; appraisal · हिन्दी: छँटाई; कार्यक्षेत्र निर्धारण; लोक परामर्श; लोक सुनवाई; मूल्यांकन)

In exam EnglishThe 2006 notification lays out four stages. Screening, for Category B only, decides between B1 and B2. Scoping fixes the terms of reference, the questions the impact study must answer. Public consultation normally includes a public hearing at or near the site, organised by the State Pollution Control Board, together with written comments from others concerned; some kinds of project are exempt from the hearing. Appraisal is the expert committee's final scrutiny of the report and the consultation record, ending in a recommendation of clearance with conditions or of rejection. Suppose a company plans a cement plant beside a village that depends on a stream. At the hearing, farmers can raise their fear of dust on crops and of the stream drying up, and these points must be recorded and answered before the experts decide.

సముద్ర తీరానికి వేరే నియమాలు ఉన్నాయి, దాన్ని తీర నియంత్రణ మండలం అంటారు. దూరాలన్నీ అధిక పోటు గీత నుండి లెక్క. నాలుగు భాగాలు: CRZ-I మడ అడవులు, పగడాల లాంటి సున్నితమైన చోట్లు; CRZ-II పట్టణాల్లో ఇప్పటికే కట్టడాలున్న తీరం; CRZ-III పల్లె తీరం; CRZ-IV నీరే, తక్కువ పోటు గీత నుండి 12 నాటికల్ మైళ్ళ వరకు. 2019లో జనం ఎక్కువున్న పల్లెలకు (IIIA) కట్టడాల నిషేధ పట్టీ 50 మీటర్లు, మిగతా పల్లెలకు (IIIB) 200 మీటర్లు. (→ English: Coastal Regulation Zone; high tide line; no-development zone · हिन्दी: तटीय विनियमन क्षेत्र; उच्च ज्वार रेखा; निर्माण-निषिद्ध क्षेत्र)

In exam EnglishCoasts have their own regime under the same Act. The first Coastal Regulation Zone notification was issued in 1991 and replaced in 2011 and again in 2019. It controls building and other activity along the sea and along bays, estuaries, creeks, rivers and backwaters that feel the tide, with distances measured from the high tide line. CRZ-I covers the most sensitive areas, such as mangroves, coral reefs and turtle nesting grounds, and allows the least. CRZ-II covers areas already built up to or near the shoreline within municipal limits. CRZ-III covers relatively undisturbed rural coasts. CRZ-IV is the water itself: the sea from the low tide line out to 12 nautical miles, and tidal water bodies. The 2019 notification split CRZ-III into IIIA, densely populated rural areas, with a no-development zone of 50 metres from the high tide line, and IIIB, other rural areas, where it remains 200 metres.

మొత్తం ఒక గొలుసులా చూడండి: రాజ్యాంగం బాధ్యత, అధికారం ఇస్తుంది; నీటి, గాలి చట్టాలు ప్రతి ఫ్యాక్టరీని మండళ్ళ ద్వారా అదుపులో పెడతాయి; 1986 గొడుగు చట్టం పైన ఉండి నియమాలు, పర్యావరణ అనుమతి, తీర నియమాలు ఇస్తుంది. అన్నిటి సూత్రం ఒక్కటే: జబ్బు వచ్చాక మందు కాదు, రాకముందే జాగ్రత్త. అడవి, అడవిలో బతికేవాళ్ళ హక్కులు మాత్రం తర్వాతి భాగంలో. (→ English: prevention; umbrella Act; consent system · हिन्दी: निवारण; छत्र अधिनियम; सहमति व्यवस्था)

In exam EnglishTogether the pieces form a chain. The Constitution gives the State a duty in Article 48A and Parliament a power through Articles 252 and 253. The Water and Air Acts build the boards and the consent system that controls pollution factory by factory. The Environment (Protection) Act sits over both as the umbrella, letting the Centre set standards, issue directions and make the rules behind waste and noise control, eco-sensitive zones, environmental clearance and coastal regulation. The common thread is prevention: permission before harm rather than punishment after it. Part 2 turns to the forest and its people: the Indian Forest Act, the Forest (Conservation) Act and the Forest Rights Act.

Exam traps

Recap

Practice questions

Q1. Parliament enacted the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 under which provision of the Constitution?

  1. Article 249
  2. Article 252
  3. Article 253
  4. Article 262
Show answer

Answer: B. Article 252

Because water sits in the State List, Parliament could act only after the legislatures of two or more states asked it to by resolution, which is the Article 252 route. Article 249 needs a Rajya Sabha resolution in the national interest, which was not the route used; Article 253 was used for the Air Act and the EPA, not the Water Act; Article 262 concerns inter-state river water disputes.

Q2. Consider the following statements about the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB):
1. It is a constitutional body.
2. It was first constituted under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974, and also performs functions under the Air Act, 1981.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

  1. 1 only
  2. 2 only
  3. Both 1 and 2
  4. Neither 1 nor 2
Show answer

Answer: B. 2 only

Statement 1 is wrong: the CPCB is a statutory body created by the Water Act and is not mentioned in the Constitution, so options 1 and 3 fail. Statement 2 is correct, since the Air Act gave the existing boards its work, so option 4 fails.

Q3. Under Section 19 of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, a private person may file a complaint before a court about an offence under the Act after giving the authorities notice of at least:

  1. 15 days
  2. 30 days
  3. 60 days
  4. 90 days
Show answer

Answer: C. 60 days

Section 19 requires at least 60 days' notice of the alleged offence and of the intention to complain. The periods of 15, 30 and 90 days do not appear in Section 19, so options 1, 2 and 4 are wrong.

Q4. Match List I with List II:
List I (Law or body)
A. Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act
B. Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act
C. Environment (Protection) Act
D. Commission for Air Quality Management in the National Capital Region and Adjoining Areas Act
List II (Year)
1. 1974
2. 1981
3. 1986
4. 2021
Select the correct answer using the code given below:

  1. A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4
  2. A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4
  3. A-1, B-3, C-2, D-4
  4. A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3
Show answer

Answer: A. A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4

Water Act 1974, Air Act 1981, EPA 1986 and the CAQM Act 2021. Option 2 swaps the Water and Air Acts; option 3 swaps the Air Act and the EPA; option 4 swaps the EPA and the CAQM Act.

Q5. With reference to the Environment Impact Assessment Notification, 2006, consider the following statements:
1. Category A projects are appraised by an Expert Appraisal Committee at the national level.
2. Category B2 projects must submit a full EIA report.
3. The public hearing is organised by the State Pollution Control Board.
Which of the statements given above are correct?

  1. 1 and 2 only
  2. 1 and 3 only
  3. 2 and 3 only
  4. 1, 2 and 3
Show answer

Answer: B. 1 and 3 only

Statements 1 and 3 are correct. Statement 2 is wrong: it is B1 projects that need a full EIA report, while B2 projects do not. So options 1, 3 and 4, which include statement 2, are wrong.

Q6. Under the Coastal Regulation Zone Notification, 2019, CRZ-IV refers to:

  1. Ecologically sensitive areas such as mangroves and coral reefs
  2. Developed areas within municipal limits up to the shoreline
  3. Relatively undisturbed rural coastal areas
  4. The water area from the low tide line to 12 nautical miles, and tidal water bodies
Show answer

Answer: D. The water area from the low tide line to 12 nautical miles, and tidal water bodies

CRZ-IV is the water area. Option 1 describes CRZ-I, option 2 CRZ-II and option 3 CRZ-III, so they are wrong.

Q7. Consider the following statements about the categorisation of industries by pollution potential (2016):
1. Red-category industries have the highest pollution potential.
2. White-category industries need a consent to operate but not a consent to establish.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

  1. 1 only
  2. 2 only
  3. Both 1 and 2
  4. Neither 1 nor 2
Show answer

Answer: A. 1 only

Statement 1 is correct, so option 4 fails. Statement 2 is wrong because white-category industries need no consent of either kind, so options 2 and 3 fail.

Q8. Which one of the following was NOT made under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986?

  1. Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000
  2. Environment Impact Assessment Notification, 2006
  3. Coastal Regulation Zone Notification, 2019
  4. Commission for Air Quality Management in the National Capital Region and Adjoining Areas
Show answer

Answer: D. Commission for Air Quality Management in the National Capital Region and Adjoining Areas

The Commission was created by its own Act of 2021. The Noise Rules, the EIA Notification and the CRZ Notification are all made under the EPA, so options 1, 2 and 3 do not answer the question.

All partsNext: Part 2 →

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