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The first phase, 1897–1918: Maharashtra, Bengal and the revolutionaries abroad

मराठीत स्पष्टीकरण

Revolutionary movements · Part 1 / 2 · Fact-checked on · how we check

Written with AI from the sources listed at the bottom of this page, then fact-checked by a separate AI.

Why young nationalists turned to secret societies and arms after 1905, the Chapekars and Savarkar's Abhinav Bharat, the Anushilan Samiti and Jugantar, Muzaffarpur and the Alipore case, the Delhi bomb of 1912, India House, Dhingra and Madame Cama, the Ghadar Party and the Komagata Maru, the failed rising of 1915, the wartime plots in Berlin and Kabul, Bagha Jatin, and the laws that answered them.

Each idea is explained first in Marathi (मराठी), ending with the English and Hindi exam terms, followed by the same point in exam English. UPSC Prelims is in English or Hindi, so understand it in Marathi and revise it in English.

अर्ज-विनंत्या आणि स्वदेशीच्या उघड राजकारणासोबतच, तरुण राष्ट्रवाद्यांच्या एका लहान प्रवाहाने गुप्त संघटना आणि शस्त्रांचा मार्ग निवडला. हा अध्याय या क्रांतिकारकांना दोन टप्प्यांत पाहतो. भाग 1 — 1890 च्या दशकाच्या अखेरपासून पहिले महायुद्ध संपेपर्यंत: महाराष्ट्र आणि बंगालमधील गट, तसेच ब्रिटन, युरोप आणि उत्तर अमेरिकेतील भारतीय यांनी हत्या, कट आणि सशस्त्र उठावाच्या योजनांनी ब्रिटिश राजवट हलवण्याचा प्रयत्न केला. स्वदेशीची दडपशाही आणि जहालांना दूर करणे यांतूनच हा प्रवाह जन्मला. भाग 2 — 1920 चे दशक आणि 1930 च्या दशकाची सुरुवात, भगतसिंग आणि चितगावची वर्षे. मोठ्या नदीच्या मुख्य धारेशेजारी एक लहान, वेगवान फाटा वाहावा, तसे. (→ English: revolutionaries · Extremists · हिन्दी: क्रांतिकारी · गरमपंथी)

In exam EnglishAlongside the open politics of petitions and Swadeshi, a smaller stream of young nationalists chose secret organisation and arms. This chapter follows these revolutionaries in two phases. Part 1 covers the first phase, from the late 1890s to the end of the First World War, when groups in Maharashtra and Bengal, and Indians living in Britain, Europe and North America, tried to shake British rule through assassinations, conspiracies and plans for armed risings. This stream grew directly out of the crushing of the Swadeshi movement and the removal of the Extremists described in the previous chapter. Part 2 turns to the second phase of the 1920s and early 1930s, the years of Bhagat Singh and the Chittagong raid.

1905 नंतर अनेक गोष्टींनी तरुणांना हिंसेकडे ढकलले. स्वदेशी चळवळीने दाखवले — शांततामय निषेधाला सरकार बंदी, अटक आणि हद्दपारीने उत्तर देते; 1908 पर्यंत नेते तुरुंगात किंवा परदेशात. मवाळांकडे उत्तर नाही, जहालांना गप्प केले — म्हणून केवळ बळानेच इंग्रज हलतील असे अनेक विद्यार्थ्यांना वाटू लागले. या क्रांतिकारकांनी इटालियन राष्ट्रवादी मॅझिनी, आयरिश बंडखोर आणि रशियन गुप्त संघटनांपासून प्रेरणा घेतली. शपथेने बांधलेले छोटे गुप्त गट, शारीरिक व शस्त्र प्रशिक्षण, अधिकारी आणि खबऱ्यांवर हल्ले, पैशासाठी श्रीमंतांच्या घरांवर आणि टपाल कार्यालयांवर दरोडे. अधिकाऱ्यांत भीती आणि लोकांत जागृती येईल अशी आशा; पण जनाधार उभारण्याचा प्रयत्न क्वचितच. एक काडी ओढली की रान पेटेल अशी आशा धरावी, तसे. (→ English: Swadeshi · revolutionaries · हिन्दी: स्वदेशी · क्रांतिकारी)

In exam EnglishSeveral things pushed young men towards violence after 1905. The Swadeshi movement had shown that the government would answer peaceful protest with bans, arrests and deportations, and by 1908 its leaders were in jail or abroad. Many students felt that the Moderates had no answer and that the Extremists had been silenced, and they came to believe that only force would move the British. The revolutionaries drew inspiration from the Italian nationalist Mazzini, from Irish rebels and from Russian secret societies. They worked through small secret groups bound by oaths, gave members physical and weapons training, attacked unpopular officials and informers, and raided wealthy households and post offices for money. They hoped such acts would frighten officials and awaken the people, but they rarely tried to build a mass following.

सर्वांत पहिल्या खुणा महाराष्ट्रात. जून 1897 मध्ये पुण्याच्या चापेकर बंधूंनी तिरस्कृत प्लेग उपायांचे प्रमुख अधिकारी रँड यांना गोळ्या घातल्या — या काळातील पहिली राजकीय हत्या असे बहुधा मानले जाते. 1899 मध्ये विनायक दामोदर सावरकर आणि त्यांचे बंधू गणेश यांनी नाशिकमध्ये 'मित्र मेळा' ही गुप्त संस्था स्थापन केली; 1904 मध्ये ती अभिनव भारत झाली. सदस्य क्रांतींचा इतिहास अभ्यासत आणि शस्त्रे जमवत. डिसेंबर 1909 मध्ये या गटाशी संबंधित अनंत कान्हेरे यांनी नाशिकचे कलेक्टर जॅक्सन यांना गोळी घातली — त्यानंतरचे खटले म्हणजे नाशिक कट खटला. त्या वेळी लंडनमध्ये असलेल्या सावरकरांना 1910 मध्ये अटक करून भारतात आणले, जन्मठेपेची काळ्या पाण्याची शिक्षा देऊन अंदमानच्या सेल्युलर जेलमध्ये ठेवले. मित्रांच्या मेळाव्याच्या नावाने सुरू होऊन गुप्त दल बनलेला गट. (→ English: Abhinav Bharat · हिन्दी: अभिनव भारत)

In exam EnglishMaharashtra produced the earliest signs. In June 1897 the Chapekar brothers of Poona shot W. C. Rand, the officer in charge of the hated plague measures, an act often counted as the first political assassination of the period. In 1899 Vinayak Damodar Savarkar and his brother Ganesh founded the Mitra Mela, a secret society at Nasik, which in 1904 became the Abhinav Bharat (Young India). Its members studied the history of revolutions and gathered arms. In December 1909 Anant Kanhere, linked to the group, shot A. M. T. Jackson, the collector of Nasik, and the trials that followed are known as the Nasik conspiracy case. Savarkar, then in London, was arrested in 1910, brought back to India, sentenced to transportation for life and held in the Cellular Jail in the Andamans.

पहिल्या टप्प्याचे मुख्य केंद्र बंगाल. अनुशीलन समिती 1902 मध्ये कलकत्त्यात स्थापन झाली — संस्थापकांत प्रमथनाथ मित्र; व्यायामाची संस्था म्हणून सुरू होऊन हळूहळू ती गुप्त क्रांतिकारी संघटना बनली. बंगालच्या फाळणीनंतर ती झपाट्याने पसरली; 1906 मध्ये पुलिनबिहारी दास यांच्या नेतृत्वाखाली स्थापलेली ढाका शाखा पूर्व बंगालभर शाखांसह प्रांतातील मोठ्या गटांपैकी एक झाली. कलकत्त्यात अरविंदांचे धाकटे बंधू बारींद्रकुमार घोष आणि भूपेंद्रनाथ दत्त यांच्याभोवतीच्या गटाने 1906 मध्ये 'युगांतर' साप्ताहिक सुरू केले; ते उघडपणे बंडाचा प्रचार करी, आणि त्या गटालाही तेच नाव पडले. लाठी, कवायत प्रशिक्षण, गुप्ततेची शपथ, अधिकाऱ्यांवर हल्ल्यांच्या योजना. गावच्या तालमीतच गुप्त बैठका व्हाव्यात, तसे. (→ English: Partition of Bengal · Anushilan Samiti · हिन्दी: बंगाल विभाजन · अनुशीलन समिति)

In exam EnglishBengal became the main centre of the first phase. The Anushilan Samiti was set up in Calcutta in 1902, with Pramathanath Mitra among its founders. Its public face was a club for drill, wrestling and lathi play; behind it, over the next few years, a secret revolutionary circle took shape. After the Partition of Bengal it spread fast, and its Dacca branch, founded in 1906 under Pulin Behari Das, grew into one of the largest groups in the province, with branches across eastern Bengal. In Calcutta a circle around Barindra Kumar Ghosh, Aurobindo's younger brother, and Bhupendranath Dutta began the weekly Jugantar in 1906; the paper openly preached revolt, and the group around it came to be known by the same name. The Bengal societies bound their members to secrecy by oath and planned attacks on officials.

सुरुवातीच्या काळातील सर्वांत प्रसिद्ध हल्ला 30 एप्रिल 1908 रोजी बिहारमधील मुझफ्फरपूर येथे. कलकत्त्यात स्वदेशी कार्यकर्त्यांना कठोर शिक्षा देणारा तिरस्कृत न्यायाधीश किंग्जफर्ड आत आहे असे समजून खुदीराम बोस आणि प्रफुल्ल चाकी यांनी एका गाडीवर बॉम्ब टाकला; पण त्यात दोन इंग्रज स्त्रिया होत्या, त्या मारल्या गेल्या. घेरले गेल्यावर प्रफुल्ल चाकींनी स्वतःवर गोळी झाडली; अठरा वर्षांच्या खुदीरामांना ऑगस्ट 1908 मध्ये फाशी दिली. नंतर कलकत्त्याच्या माणिकतला येथील बॉम्ब कारखाना असलेल्या बागेतील घरावर पोलिसांनी छापा घालून बारींद्र, अरविंद आणि इतर अनेकांना अटक केली. 1908–09 च्या अलीपूर बॉम्ब खटल्यात सी. आर. दास यांनी बाजू मांडली आणि अरविंद निर्दोष सुटले; बारींद्रांना फाशीची शिक्षा, ती नंतर जन्मठेपेच्या काळ्या पाण्यात बदलली. नेम चुकलेला दगड दुसऱ्यालाच लागावा, तसे — त्या चुकीची मोठी किंमत. (→ English: Alipore bomb case · हिन्दी: अलीपुर बम मामला)

In exam EnglishThe best-known early attack came at Muzaffarpur in Bihar on 30 April 1908. Khudiram Bose and Prafulla Chaki threw a bomb at a carriage they believed was carrying Douglas Kingsford, a judge hated for harsh sentences on Swadeshi workers in Calcutta; it carried two Englishwomen instead, who were killed. Prafulla Chaki shot himself when cornered, and Khudiram Bose, aged eighteen, was hanged in August 1908. The police then raided a garden house at Maniktala in Calcutta that served as a bomb workshop and arrested Barindra Kumar Ghosh, Aurobindo Ghose and many others. In the Alipore bomb case of 1908–09 Aurobindo, defended by C. R. Das, was acquitted, while Barindra was sentenced to death, a sentence later reduced to transportation for life.

क्रांतिकारी कारवाया उत्तर भारतातही पोहोचल्या. डेहराडूनच्या वन संशोधन संस्थेत काम करणाऱ्या बंगाली रासबिहारी बोस यांनी पंजाब आणि संयुक्त प्रांतात जाळे उभारले. 23 डिसेंबर 1912 रोजी राजधानी बदलानिमित्त दिल्लीत प्रवेश करणाऱ्या मिरवणुकीत हत्तीवर बसलेल्या व्हाइसरॉय हार्डिंग्ज यांच्यावर बॉम्ब फेकला गेला; ते जखमी झाले पण वाचले. बोस यांचे तरुण सहकारी बसंतकुमार विश्वास यांना नंतर दिल्ली कट खटल्यात फाशी दिलेल्यांत होते; बोस स्वतः निसटले. नव्या राजधानीत सरकारप्रमुखावरच वार करता येतो हे या हल्ल्याने दाखवले; पोलिसांनी ही बंगालची समस्या न मानता अखिल भारतीय धोका मानायला सुरुवात केली. नव्या घरच्या गृहप्रवेशाच्या दिवशीच दारात मोठा स्फोट व्हावा, तसे. (→ English: Viceroy · हिन्दी: वायसराय)

In exam EnglishRevolutionary activity also reached northern India. Rash Behari Bose, a Bengali employed at the Forest Research Institute at Dehra Dun, built a network in Punjab and the United Provinces. On 23 December 1912, as Viceroy Hardinge rode on an elephant in a procession into Delhi to mark the shift of the capital, a bomb was thrown at him; he was wounded but survived. Basanta Kumar Biswas, a young associate of Rash Behari Bose, was among those later hanged in the Delhi conspiracy case, while Bose himself escaped. The attack showed that the revolutionaries could strike at the head of the government in its new capital, and it drew the police into treating the movement as an all-India threat rather than a Bengal problem.

परदेशातील भारतीयांनी दुसरी आघाडी उघडली. लंडनमध्ये श्यामजी कृष्ण वर्मा यांनी 1905 मध्ये भारतीय विद्यार्थ्यांचे वसतिगृह म्हणून इंडिया हाउस सुरू केले; इंडियन होमरूल सोसायटी आणि 'द इंडियन सोशिऑलॉजिस्ट' नियतकालिक स्थापन करून सावरकरांसह तरुण राष्ट्रवाद्यांना शिष्यवृत्त्या दिल्या. 1 जुलै 1909 रोजी इंडिया हाउसशी संबंधित विद्यार्थी मदनलाल धिंग्रा यांनी भारतमंत्र्यांचे सहायक कर्झन वायली यांना गोळ्या घालून ठार केले; ऑगस्ट 1909 मध्ये त्यांना फाशी दिली. तोपर्यंत श्यामजी पॅरिसला गेले होते; तिथे मादाम भिकाजी कामा त्यांच्यासोबत काम करत — ऑगस्ट 1907 मध्ये स्टुटगार्ट येथील आंतरराष्ट्रीय समाजवादी परिषदेत त्यांनी भारतीय स्वातंत्र्याचा ध्वज फडकवला. धिंग्रा प्रकरण आणि सावरकरांच्या अटकेनंतर लंडन केंद्र विस्कळीत झाले; काम पॅरिस, बर्लिन आणि उत्तर अमेरिकेत गेले. गावापासून दूरच्या वसतिगृहातच गावासाठी स्वप्ने पाहावीत, तसे. (→ English: India House · हिन्दी: इंडिया हाउस)

In exam EnglishIndians abroad formed a second front. In London, Shyamji Krishna Varma opened India House in 1905 as a hostel for Indian students, founded the Indian Home Rule Society and the journal The Indian Sociologist, and offered scholarships to young nationalists, Savarkar among them. On 1 July 1909 Madan Lal Dhingra, a student linked to India House, shot dead Sir William Curzon Wyllie, an aide to the Secretary of State for India, and was hanged in August 1909. Shyamji had by then moved to Paris, where Madame Bhikaji Cama worked alongside him; in August 1907, at the International Socialist Congress in Stuttgart, she unfurled a flag of Indian independence. After the Dhingra killing and Savarkar's arrest the London centre broke up, and the work shifted to Paris, Berlin and North America.

परदेशातील सर्वांत मोठा प्रयत्न उत्तर अमेरिकेच्या पॅसिफिक किनाऱ्यावरील पंजाबी मजूर आणि शेतकऱ्यांकडून आला — त्यांच्यापैकी अनेक माजी सैनिक, कॅनडा आणि अमेरिकेत वांशिक भेदभाव सोसणारे. 1913 मध्ये त्यांनी गदर पार्टी स्थापन केली — मुख्यालय सॅन फ्रान्सिस्को, अध्यक्ष सोहनसिंग भकना, प्रमुख विचारवंत लाला हरदयाळ. 'गदर' (बंड) हे साप्ताहिक नोव्हेंबर 1913 मध्ये उर्दूत सुरू होऊन नंतर पंजाबी व इतर भाषांत निघाले; इंग्रजांना हाकलण्यासाठी सशस्त्र उठावाची हाक देत ते अनेक देशांतील भारतीय सैनिक आणि स्थलांतरितांपर्यंत पोहोचले. बंगालच्या गटांपेक्षा वेगळे, गदरचे सदस्य बहुतेक मजूर आणि शेतकरी; बहुसंख्य शीख पण सर्व धर्मांना खुले; ध्येय स्वतंत्र प्रजासत्ताक. परक्या देशात अपमान सोसलेल्यालाच स्वतःच्या देशाची किंमत नीट कळते. (→ English: Ghadar Party · हिन्दी: ग़दर पार्टी)

In exam EnglishThe largest overseas effort came from Punjabi workers and farmers on the Pacific coast of North America, many of them former soldiers, who faced racial discrimination in Canada and the United States. In 1913 they founded the Ghadar Party, with its headquarters in San Francisco, Sohan Singh Bhakna as president and Lala Har Dayal as its leading thinker. Its weekly paper, Ghadar ('revolt'), first issued in November 1913 in Urdu and later in Punjabi and other languages, called for an armed uprising to drive out the British and was carried to Indian soldiers and settlers in many countries. Unlike the Bengal groups, the Ghadarites were mostly working men and peasants, largely Sikh but open to members of every religion, and their aim was an independent republic.
Revolutionary organisations of the first phase
OrganisationFoundedWhereKey figures
Mitra Mela, later Abhinav Bharat1899; renamed 1904NasikV. D. Savarkar, Ganesh Savarkar
Anushilan Samiti1902 (Dacca branch 1906)Calcutta; DaccaPramathanath Mitra; Pulin Behari Das
Jugantar group and weekly1906CalcuttaBarindra Kumar Ghosh, Bhupendranath Dutta
India House1905LondonShyamji Krishna Varma
Ghadar Party1913San FranciscoSohan Singh Bhakna, Lala Har Dayal
Provisional Government of IndiaDecember 1915KabulRaja Mahendra Pratap, Maulana Barkatullah

पहिल्या महायुद्धाने गदरवाल्यांना संधी दिल्यासारखे वाटले. 1914 मध्ये गुरदित्तसिंग यांनी भाड्याने घेतलेले जपानी जहाज कोमागाटा मारू सुमारे 370 पंजाबी प्रवाशांना व्हँकूव्हरला घेऊन गेले; कॅनडाने बहुतेकांना उतरू दिले नाही. सप्टेंबर 1914 मध्ये जहाज कलकत्त्याजवळच्या बजबजला परतले तेव्हा परतलेल्या प्रवाशांवर पोलिसांच्या गोळीबारात अनेक जण मारले गेले. या संतापाने हजारो गदर पार्टी सदस्य उठावासाठी मायदेशी परतले. फेब्रुवारी 1915 मध्ये पंजाबात भारतीय सैनिकांसह उठावाची योजना आखली; पण खबऱ्यांनी ती फोडली, तुकड्यांना निःशस्त्र केले आणि शेकडो जणांना अटक झाली. लाहोर कट खटल्यांत तरुण कर्तारसिंग सराभा यांच्यासह अनेकांना फाशी झाली; रासबिहारी बोस जपानला निसटले. सिंगापूरमध्ये फेब्रुवारी 1915 मध्ये एका भारतीय रेजिमेंटने बंड केले, ते चिरडले गेले. घरातल्याच एकाने फितुरी केली की सगळी योजना फसते, तसे. (→ English: Ghadar Party · Komagata Maru · हिन्दी: ग़दर पार्टी · कोमागाटा मारू)

In exam EnglishThe First World War seemed to give the Ghadarites their chance. In 1914 the Komagata Maru, a Japanese ship chartered by Gurdit Singh, carried some 370 Punjabi passengers to Vancouver, where Canada refused to let most of them land; when the ship came back to Budge Budge near Calcutta in September 1914, police firing on the returning passengers left many dead. Anger over this helped send thousands of Ghadar Party men home to start a rising. A revolt with Indian troops was planned in Punjab for February 1915, but informers betrayed it, the units were disarmed and hundreds were arrested. In the Lahore conspiracy trials many were hanged, among them the young Kartar Singh Sarabha, while Rash Behari Bose escaped to Japan. In Singapore an Indian regiment rose in February 1915 and was crushed.

युद्धकाळातील इतर कट ब्रिटनचा शत्रू जर्मनीकडे पाहत होते. बर्लिनमध्ये वीरेंद्रनाथ चट्टोपाध्याय यांच्यासारख्या भारतीय क्रांतिकारकांनी जर्मन पैसा आणि शस्त्रांसाठी एक समिती स्थापन केली. डिसेंबर 1915 मध्ये राजा महेंद्र प्रताप आणि मौलाना बरकतुल्ला यांनी काबूलमध्ये भारताचे हंगामी सरकार स्थापन केले — महेंद्र प्रताप अध्यक्ष, बरकतुल्ला पंतप्रधान; अफगाणिस्तान आणि मध्यवर्ती सत्तांकडून मदतीची आशा. बंगालमध्ये 'बाघा जतीन' म्हणून ओळखले जाणारे जतींद्रनाथ मुखर्जी कधीच न आलेल्या जर्मन शस्त्रांच्या जहाजाची वाट पाहत राहिले; सप्टेंबर 1915 मध्ये ओरिसातील बालासोरजवळ पोलिसांशी चकमकीत ते प्राणघातक जखमी झाले. सरकारने 1915 च्या भारत संरक्षण कायद्याने — खटल्याविना स्थानबद्धता, विशेष न्यायाधिकरणे — उत्तर दिले; 1918 मध्ये न्यायमूर्ती रौलट यांच्या अध्यक्षतेखालील राजद्रोह समितीने युद्धानंतरही असे अधिकार ठेवण्याचा सल्ला दिला. शत्रूचा शत्रू तो मित्र, असे मानावे तसे. (→ English: Defence of India Act · हिन्दी: भारत रक्षा अधिनियम)

In exam EnglishOther plots of the war years looked to Germany, Britain's enemy. In Berlin, Indian revolutionaries such as Virendranath Chattopadhyaya formed a committee that sought German money and arms. In December 1915 Raja Mahendra Pratap and Maulana Barkatullah set up a Provisional Government of India at Kabul, with Mahendra Pratap as president and Barkatullah as prime minister, hoping for help from Afghanistan and the Central Powers. In Bengal, Jatindranath Mukherjee, known as Bagha Jatin, waited for a German arms shipment that never arrived; he was fatally wounded in a gunfight with the police near Balasore in Orissa in September 1915. The government met these threats with the Defence of India Act of 1915, which allowed detention without trial and special tribunals, and in 1918 the Sedition Committee under Justice Rowlatt advised keeping such powers after the war.

एकूण पाहता पहिला टप्पा धाडसी पण संकुचित होता. गदर चळवळ हा महत्त्वाचा अपवाद वगळता, क्रांतिकारकांनी मुख्यतः मध्यमवर्गीय सुशिक्षित तरुणांनाच जोडले; गुप्त पद्धतींमुळे ते जहालांनी जागवायला सुरुवात केलेल्या जनसमुदायापासून दूर राहिले. खबरे, सामूहिक अटका आणि कठोर कायदे यांनी 1918 पर्यंत बहुतेक गट मोडून काढले; त्यांच्या अपयशांनी सरकारला रौलट कायद्याकडे आणि राष्ट्रीय चळवळीला गांधीजींच्या अगदी वेगळ्या राजकारणाकडे ढकलले. तरीही खुदीराम, धिंग्रा, कर्तारसिंग सराभा आणि इतरांचे बलिदान चळवळीच्या स्मृतीत कोरले गेले; त्यांनी मागे ठेवलेल्या जाळ्यांनी 1920 च्या दशकातील दुसऱ्या टप्प्याला बळ दिले. विझल्यासारखा दिसणारा विस्तव राखेखाली धुमसत राहावा, तसे. (→ English: revolutionaries · Extremists · हिन्दी: क्रांतिकारी · गरमपंथी)

In exam EnglishSeen as a whole, the first phase was brave but narrow. The revolutionaries drew in mainly educated young men of the middle classes, with the important exception of the Ghadar movement, and their secret methods kept them apart from the crowds whom the Extremists had begun to rouse. Informers, mass arrests and harsh laws had broken most groups by 1918, and their failures pushed the government towards the Rowlatt Act and the national movement towards Gandhi's very different politics. Yet the sacrifices of Khudiram Bose, Madan Lal Dhingra, Kartar Singh Sarabha and others entered the movement's memory, and the networks they left behind fed the second phase of the 1920s, which Part 2 follows.

Exam traps

Recap

Practice questions

Q1. India House in London, a centre of Indian revolutionaries abroad, was founded in 1905 by:

  1. Madan Lal Dhingra
  2. Shyamji Krishna Varma
  3. Lala Har Dayal
  4. V. D. Savarkar
Show answer

Answer: B. Shyamji Krishna Varma

(b) is correct: Shyamji Krishna Varma opened India House in 1905 and ran The Indian Sociologist. (a) is wrong because Dhingra was a student linked to India House, who shot Curzon Wyllie in 1909. (c) is wrong because Har Dayal is associated with the Ghadar Party in America. (d) is wrong because Savarkar stayed at India House on a scholarship but did not found it.

Q2. Consider the following statements:
1. Khudiram Bose and Prafulla Chaki carried out the bomb attack at Muzaffarpur in 1908.
2. Aurobindo Ghose was convicted and transported for life in the Alipore bomb case.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

  1. 1 only
  2. 2 only
  3. Both 1 and 2
  4. Neither 1 nor 2
Show answer

Answer: A. 1 only

(a) is correct: statement 1 is right; statement 2 is wrong because Aurobindo was acquitted in 1909, while his brother Barindra was sentenced. (b) is wrong because statement 2 is false. (c) is wrong because only statement 1 is true. (d) is wrong because statement 1 is true.

Q3. Match List I (organisation) with List II (person):
List I
A. Abhinav Bharat
B. Anushilan Samiti, Dacca
C. Ghadar Party
List II
1. Pulin Behari Das
2. V. D. Savarkar
3. Sohan Singh Bhakna
Select the correct answer using the code given below:

  1. A-2, B-1, C-3
  2. A-1, B-2, C-3
  3. A-2, B-3, C-1
  4. A-3, B-1, C-2
Show answer

Answer: A. A-2, B-1, C-3

(a) is correct: Savarkar founded Abhinav Bharat, Pulin Behari Das led the Dacca Anushilan Samiti and Sohan Singh Bhakna was president of the Ghadar Party. (b) is wrong because it swaps Savarkar and Das. (c) is wrong because it swaps Das and Bhakna. (d) is wrong because it swaps Savarkar and Bhakna.

Q4. With reference to the Komagata Maru episode, consider the following statements:
1. The ship, chartered by Gurdit Singh, carried Punjabi passengers to Vancouver, where most were not allowed to land.
2. On its return in 1914, police firing on the passengers at Budge Budge near Calcutta caused many deaths.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

  1. 1 only
  2. 2 only
  3. Both 1 and 2
  4. Neither 1 nor 2
Show answer

Answer: C. Both 1 and 2

(c) is correct: both statements describe the episode accurately. (a) is wrong because statement 2 is also true. (b) is wrong because statement 1 is also true. (d) is wrong because both statements are true.

Q5. The Provisional Government of India set up in December 1915, with Raja Mahendra Pratap as president, was located at:

  1. Berlin
  2. San Francisco
  3. Kabul
  4. Tokyo
Show answer

Answer: C. Kabul

(c) is correct: it was set up at Kabul, with Barkatullah as prime minister. (a) is wrong because Berlin was the seat of the committee seeking German aid, not of the Provisional Government. (b) is wrong because San Francisco was the Ghadar headquarters. (d) is wrong because Tokyo is linked to Rash Behari Bose's later exile, not to this government.

Q6. Madame Bhikaji Cama unfurled a flag of Indian independence in 1907 at:

  1. the International Socialist Congress at Stuttgart
  2. India House in London
  3. the Ghadar headquarters in San Francisco
  4. the Calcutta session of the Congress
Show answer

Answer: A. the International Socialist Congress at Stuttgart

(a) is correct: she raised the flag at the International Socialist Congress in Stuttgart in August 1907. (b) is wrong because India House was a London hostel, not the place of the flag. (c) is wrong because the Ghadar Party was founded only in 1913. (d) is wrong because the Calcutta session was in 1906 and in India.

Q7. Arrange the following in chronological order:
1. The bomb attack at Muzaffarpur
2. The bomb thrown at Viceroy Hardinge in Delhi
3. The killing of Curzon Wyllie in London
4. The founding of the Ghadar Party
Select the correct answer using the code given below:

  1. 1-3-2-4
  2. 3-1-2-4
  3. 1-3-4-2
  4. 1-2-3-4
Show answer

Answer: A. 1-3-2-4

(a) is correct: Muzaffarpur (April 1908), Curzon Wyllie (July 1909), Delhi (December 1912), Ghadar Party (1913). (b) is wrong because Muzaffarpur came before the London killing. (c) is wrong because the Delhi bomb came before the Ghadar Party. (d) is wrong because the London killing (1909) came before the Delhi bomb (1912).

Q8. Consider the following statements:
1. The Defence of India Act of 1915 allowed detention without trial and special tribunals.
2. The Sedition Committee headed by Justice Rowlatt reported in 1918.
3. Jatindranath Mukherjee (Bagha Jatin) was killed in a gunfight in Delhi.
Which of the statements given above are correct?

  1. 1 and 2 only
  2. 2 and 3 only
  3. 1 and 3 only
  4. 1, 2 and 3
Show answer

Answer: A. 1 and 2 only

(a) is correct: statements 1 and 2 are true; statement 3 is wrong because Bagha Jatin was fatally wounded near Balasore in Orissa in 1915. (b) is wrong because it includes statement 3 and leaves out statement 1. (c) is wrong because it includes statement 3. (d) is wrong because statement 3 is false.

All partsNext: Part 2 →

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