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Subhas Chandra Bose, the INA and the post-war upsurge, 1941–1946

मराठीत स्पष्टीकरण

Quit India and the INA, 1937–1946 · Part 3 / 3 · Fact-checked on · how we check

Written with AI from the sources listed at the bottom of this page, then fact-checked by a separate AI.

Bose's escape and his work in Germany, the first INA under Mohan Singh and the Indian Independence League, Bose in South-East Asia and the Provisional Government of Free India, the Rani of Jhansi Regiment, the Imphal-Kohima campaign and the retreat, the INA trials at the Red Fort and the protests they set off, and the Royal Indian Navy mutiny of February 1946.

Each idea is explained first in Marathi (मराठी), ending with the English and Hindi exam terms, followed by the same point in exam English. UPSC Prelims is in English or Hindi, so understand it in Marathi and revise it in English.

पहिल्या दोन भागांत काँग्रेसचा लढा देशाच्या आत होता — नेते तुरुंगात असताना चले जाव चळवळ. या भागात दुसरा मार्ग: देशाबाहेर सुभाषचंद्र बोस यांनी सैन्य उभारून स्वातंत्र्य मिळवण्याचा प्रयत्न — आझाद हिंद सेना. युद्धानंतर तिच्या अधिकाऱ्यांवरचे खटले, रस्त्यावरची निदर्शने, फेब्रुवारी 1946 मधला नौसैनिकांचा संप — हे सगळे मिळून मोठी लाट. काँग्रेसने बोस यांचा मार्ग स्वीकारला नाही; पण घराचा पहारेकरीच मालकाचे ऐकेनासा झाला तर घर कसे राखणार? ब्रिटनची तीच अवस्था झाली. (→ English: Quit India Movement, Indian National Army · हिन्दी: भारत छोड़ो आंदोलन, आज़ाद हिंद फ़ौज)

In exam EnglishParts 1 and 2 followed the Congress from its provincial ministries to the Quit India Movement, a struggle fought inside India while most of its leaders were in prison. This part follows a second road, taken outside India: Subhas Chandra Bose's attempt to win freedom with an army raised abroad, the Indian National Army (INA). The trials of its officers in 1945, the street protests that followed and a strike by sailors of the Royal Indian Navy in February 1946 together made up a post-war upsurge. Bose's method of armed struggle with foreign help was rejected by the Congress leadership, yet the upsurge it inspired showed Britain that it could no longer rely on its Indian soldiers and sailors, which is the bridge to the final negotiations for independence.

1939 मध्ये काँग्रेसचे अध्यक्षपद सोडून फॉरवर्ड ब्लॉक स्थापन करणारे बोस 1940 मध्ये अटकेत गेले, नंतर कलकत्त्यात घरातच नजरकैदेत ठेवले गेले. जानेवारी 1941 मध्ये वेश बदलून निसटले, पेशावर, काबूल मार्गे, सोव्हिएत संघ ओलांडून जर्मनीत पोहोचले. त्यांचा हिशोब: 'शत्रूचा शत्रू तो मित्र' — ब्रिटन दुबळा असतानाच त्याच्या शत्रूंची मदत घ्यायची. बर्लिनमध्ये फ्री इंडिया सेंटर, आझाद हिंद रेडिओ, उत्तर आफ्रिकेत पकडलेल्या भारतीय सैनिकांची इंडियन लीजन. पण जर्मनी दूर, ठोस वचन नाही. जपान आग्नेय आशियात पुढे सरकल्यावर फेब्रुवारी 1943 मध्ये जर्मन पाणबुडीतून निघून, हिंदी महासागरात जपानी पाणबुडीत बदलून, 1943 च्या मध्यापर्यंत टोकियोला पोहोचले. (→ English: Free India Centre, Azad Hind Radio, Indian Legion · हिन्दी: फ़्री इंडिया सेंटर, आज़ाद हिंद रेडियो, इंडियन लीजन)

In exam EnglishAfter he left the Congress presidency and formed the Forward Bloc in 1939, Bose was arrested in 1940 and later kept under watch in his family home in Calcutta. In January 1941 he slipped out in disguise, crossed to Peshawar and Kabul, and travelled on through the Soviet Union to reach Germany in the spring of that year. He reasoned that Britain's enemies could be used to free India while Britain was weak. In Berlin he set up the Free India Centre, spoke to India over Azad Hind Radio, and formed the Indian Legion out of Indian soldiers whom the Germans had captured in North Africa. Germany, however, was far from India and gave him no firm promise. As Japan swept through South-East Asia, Bose turned east. In February 1943 he left Europe in a German submarine, moved to a Japanese submarine in the Indian Ocean and reached Tokyo by the middle of 1943.

बोस येण्यापूर्वीच आग्नेय आशियात भारतीय सैन्य उभे राहिले होते. जपानने मलाया जिंकले तेव्हा कैदी झालेले ब्रिटिश भारतीय सैन्याचे अधिकारी कॅप्टन मोहन सिंग यांनी जपानी अधिकारी मेजर फुजिवारा यांच्याशी भारतीय युद्धकैद्यांचे सैन्य उभारण्याचे ठरवले. फेब्रुवारी 1942 मध्ये सिंगापूर पडल्यावर हजारो कैदी त्यांच्या हाताखाली आले — हीच पहिली आझाद हिंद सेना. तिथल्या भारतीयांना रासबिहारी बोस (1912 च्या दिल्ली बॉम्ब प्रकरणातील क्रांतिकारक, 1915 पासून जपानमध्ये) यांच्या इंडियन इंडिपेंडन्स लीगने एकत्र केले. पण विश्वास तुटला: 'जपानला आपण मित्र नव्हे, हत्यार हवे आहोत' असा मोहन सिंगांना संशय आला; डिसेंबर 1942 मध्ये जपानने त्यांना काढून ताब्यात घेतले, पहिली सेना जवळजवळ विस्कटली. (→ English: Indian National Army, Indian Independence League · हिन्दी: आज़ाद हिंद फ़ौज, इंडियन इंडिपेंडेंस लीग)

In exam EnglishAn Indian army in South-East Asia existed before Bose arrived. When Japan overran Malaya, Captain Mohan Singh, an officer of the British Indian Army who had been taken prisoner, agreed with the Japanese officer Major Fujiwara to raise a force from Indian prisoners of war. After Singapore fell in February 1942, many thousands of Indian prisoners were placed under him, and a large number volunteered; this was the first Indian National Army. The Indians living in the region were organised separately by the Indian Independence League, led by Rash Behari Bose, a revolutionary of the Delhi bomb attack of 1912 who had lived in Japan since 1915. Conferences of Indians at Tokyo (March 1942) and Bangkok (June 1942) put the army under the League and invited Subhas Bose to come. Trust soon broke down. Mohan Singh suspected that Japan wanted a tool rather than an ally, and in December 1942 he was removed and held by the Japanese, and the first INA almost fell apart.

जुलै 1943 मध्ये बोस सिंगापूरला आल्यावर चळवळीत पुन्हा प्राण आला. 4 जुलैला रासबिहारी बोस यांनी लीगचे नेतृत्व सोपवले; ऑगस्टमध्ये सैन्याची थेट सूत्रे सुभाषबाबूंकडे. 21 ऑक्टोबर 1943 रोजी सिंगापूरमध्ये आझाद हिंद हंगामी सरकार जाहीर झाले — 'आरज़ी हुकूमत-ए-आझाद हिंद'. राष्ट्रप्रमुख, पंतप्रधान, युद्ध, परराष्ट्र सगळे तेच. ब्रिटन, अमेरिकेविरुद्ध युद्ध जाहीर; जपान, जर्मनी, इटलीने मान्यता दिली. अंदमान-निकोबार बेटे नावापुरती सोपवली — भाड्याच्या घराची किल्ली हातात असली तरी मालक दुसराच तसे; खरा ताबा जपानी सैन्याकडे. डिसेंबर 1943 अखेरीस पोर्ट ब्लेअरला ध्वज फडकवून बेटांना शहीद आणि स्वराज ही नावे. जानेवारी 1944 मध्ये मुख्यालय रंगूनला. (→ English: Provisional Government of Free India · हिन्दी: आज़ाद हिंद की अस्थायी सरकार)

In exam EnglishBose's arrival in Singapore in July 1943 revived the movement. On 4 July Rash Behari Bose handed over the leadership of the Indian Independence League to him, and in August he took direct command of the army. On 21 October 1943, at Singapore, he proclaimed the Provisional Government of Free India, known in Hindustani as Arzi Hukumat-e-Azad Hind, with himself as head of state and prime minister and in charge of war and foreign affairs. The government declared war on Britain and the United States and was recognised by Japan, Germany, Italy and other Axis-aligned states. Japan placed the Andaman and Nicobar Islands under its nominal authority; Bose visited Port Blair at the end of December 1943, raised the national flag there and renamed the islands Shaheed and Swaraj. Real control of the islands stayed with the Japanese military. In January 1944 the government's headquarters moved to Rangoon, closer to the Indian frontier, to prepare for the advance.

बोस यांच्या नेतृत्वाखाली सेनेला स्वतःच्या रेजिमेंट मिळाल्या — काहींना गांधी, नेहरू, मौलाना आझाद यांची नावे. म्हणजे 'आम्ही राष्ट्रीय चळवळीचे प्रतिस्पर्धी नाही, तिचाच भाग' असा संदेश. सैनिक दोन ठिकाणांहून: युद्धकैदी, आणि मलाया-ब्रह्मदेश-थायलंडमधील भारतीय — मळ्यांतील मजूर, व्यापारी; यांनी पैसेही दिले. महिलांची तुकडी राणी झाशी रेजिमेंट — मद्रासच्या डॉक्टर कॅप्टन लक्ष्मी स्वामिनाथन (नंतर लक्ष्मी सहगल) यांच्या नेतृत्वाखाली. त्या काळी स्त्रिया लढाऊ सैनिक म्हणून भरती होणे दुर्मीळ. घोषणा: 'दिल्ली चलो', 'जय हिंद', 'रक्त द्या, स्वातंत्र्य देतो'. जुलै 1944 च्या रेडिओ भाषणात गांधीजींना 'राष्ट्रपिता' म्हणून आशीर्वाद मागितला — मार्ग वेगळे, पण आदर कायम. (→ English: Rani of Jhansi Regiment, Delhi Chalo, Jai Hind · हिन्दी: रानी झाँसी रेजिमेंट, दिल्ली चलो, जय हिंद)

In exam EnglishUnder Bose the INA grew into a force with its own regiments, several of them named after Gandhi, Nehru and Maulana Azad, an open signal that it saw itself as part of the national movement rather than a rival to it. Its soldiers came from two sources: prisoners of war from the British Indian Army, and civilian volunteers from the Indian communities of Malaya, Burma and Thailand, including many plantation labourers and traders who also gave money. A women's unit, the Rani of Jhansi Regiment, was raised under Captain Lakshmi Swaminathan, a doctor from Madras later known as Lakshmi Sahgal; it was rare at the time for women to be enlisted as fighting soldiers. Bose gave the movement its slogans: 'Delhi Chalo' (On to Delhi) as the call to march, 'Jai Hind' as the greeting, and the appeal to give him blood in return for freedom. In a radio address of July 1944 he called Gandhi the Father of the Nation and sought his blessings, despite their differences over method.

खरी कसोटी 1944 मध्ये. आधी ब्रह्मदेशातील अराकान आघाडीवर, मग मार्च-जुलै 1944 मध्ये ईशान्य भारतात इंफाळ, कोहिमाकडे जपानी हल्ल्यात सेना लढली. 14 एप्रिल 1944 रोजी मणिपूरच्या मोइरांग येथे ध्वज फडकला — भारताच्या मुख्य भूमीवर पहिल्यांदा. पण हल्ला फसला: बचाव करणाऱ्यांनी इंफाळ, कोहिमा टिकवले, पावसाळा आला, रसद तुटली, उपासमार, रोगराई. इंधन नसलेली गाडी घाट चढू शकत नाही तसे — माघारीत मोठे नुकसान. मे 1945 मध्ये रंगून पुन्हा ब्रिटिशांकडे; अनेकांनी शरणागती पत्करली. ऑगस्ट 1945 मध्ये जपान शरण. 18 ऑगस्ट 1945 रोजी तैवानमधील तैपेई येथे विमान अपघातानंतर बोस यांचा मृत्यू झाल्याची बातमी; अनेकांनी विश्वास ठेवला नाही, नंतर स्वतंत्र भारतात अनेक चौकशा झाल्या. (→ English: Imphal-Kohima campaign, Moirang · हिन्दी: इम्फाल-कोहिमा अभियान, मोइरांग)

In exam EnglishThe test came in 1944. INA units fought beside the Japanese first on the Arakan front in Burma early in the year and then in the main Japanese thrust towards Imphal and Kohima in north-east India, from March to July 1944. On 14 April 1944 the INA raised its flag at Moirang in Manipur, its first on the Indian mainland. The offensive failed. The British and Indian defenders held Imphal and Kohima, the monsoon broke, supply lines collapsed, and the attacking troops suffered from hunger and disease; the retreat cost the INA heavily. In 1945 the British advanced through Burma, Rangoon was retaken in May, and many INA soldiers surrendered or were captured. Japan surrendered in August 1945. Bose was reported to have died after an air crash at Taipei, in Taiwan, on 18 August 1945; because many refused to believe it, several official inquiries in independent India later examined his death.
Key people in the INA story
PersonRole
Mohan SinghRaised the first INA from prisoners of war, 1942; removed by the Japanese in December 1942
Rash Behari BoseLed the Indian Independence League; handed over to Subhas Bose on 4 July 1943
Subhas Chandra BoseLed the INA from 1943; proclaimed the Provisional Government at Singapore, 21 October 1943
Lakshmi Swaminathan (Sahgal)Commanded the Rani of Jhansi Regiment
Shah Nawaz Khan, P. K. Sahgal, G. S. DhillonAccused in the first Red Fort trial, November 1945
Bhulabhai DesaiLed the defence at the Red Fort trial

युद्ध संपताच 'सम्राटाविरुद्ध युद्ध पुकारले' या आरोपावरून सेनेच्या अधिकाऱ्यांवर खटले भरण्याचे ठरले. नोव्हेंबर 1945 मध्ये दिल्लीच्या लाल किल्ल्यात पहिले कोर्ट मार्शल: शाहनवाज खान, प्रेमकुमार सहगल, गुरबख्श सिंग धिल्लन — एक मुस्लिम, एक हिंदू, एक शीख. तीन भावांना एकाच पिंजऱ्यात उभे केले तर अख्खे गाव एक होते तसे — देश एक झाला. बोस यांच्या मार्गाला विरोध करणाऱ्या काँग्रेसनेच आयएनए बचाव समिती नेमली: भुलाभाई देसाई प्रमुख, तेजबहादूर सप्रू, असफ अली, कैलासनाथ काटजू; नेहरूंनी अनेक वर्षांनी वकिलाचा झगा घातला. युक्तिवाद: मान्यताप्राप्त हंगामी सरकारचे सैनिक, युद्धाचे नियम लागू. जन्मठेपेच्या काळ्या पाण्याची शिक्षा झाली, पण सरसेनापती ऑकिनलेक यांनी जानेवारी 1946 मध्ये ती माफ केली. (→ English: INA trials, Red Fort · हिन्दी: आईएनए मुक़दमे, लाल क़िला)

In exam EnglishOnce the war ended, the Government of India decided to put INA officers on trial for waging war against the King-Emperor. The first and most famous court martial opened in the Red Fort at Delhi in November 1945. The three accused were Shah Nawaz Khan, Prem Kumar Sahgal and Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon, a Muslim, a Hindu and a Sikh, so that the trial itself seemed to put the unity of India in the dock. The Congress, which had opposed Bose's method, formed an INA Defence Committee. Bhulabhai Desai led the defence, with Tej Bahadur Sapru, Asaf Ali and Kailash Nath Katju, and Jawaharlal Nehru appeared in a lawyer's gown for the first time in many years. The defence argued that the accused had fought as soldiers of a provisional government recognised by several states, so the laws of war applied to them. The court martial found them guilty and sentenced them to transportation for life, but the Commander-in-Chief, General Claude Auchinleck, remitted the sentences in January 1946 and the three were set free.

सरकारच्या अपेक्षेपेक्षा खटले खूप मोठ्या राष्ट्रीय मोहिमेत बदलले. देशभर सभा, मिरवणुका, निधी; 12 नोव्हेंबर 1945 रोजी आयएनए दिन. फक्त काँग्रेसच नव्हे — मुस्लिम लीग, कम्युनिस्ट, अकाली, युद्धात सरकारच्या बाजूने राहिलेले काहीजणही पाठीशी; सरकारी कर्मचारी आणि गणवेशधारींनीही उघड सहानुभूती दाखवली. कलकत्त्यात दोनदा उद्रेक: नोव्हेंबर 1945 मध्ये विद्यार्थ्यांच्या मिरवणुकीवर गोळीबार; फेब्रुवारी 1946 मध्ये कॅप्टन अब्दुल रशीद यांना सात वर्षांची सक्तमजुरी झाल्यावर. हिंसा कधीच न स्वीकारणाऱ्या गांधीजींनीही त्यांचे धैर्य आणि धर्म-प्रांतापलीकडची एकी यांची प्रशंसा केली. ब्रिटिशांची खरी भीती: राखणदार कुत्राच मालकावर गुरगुरू लागला तर? सैन्याची निष्ठा हाच 1858 पासून त्यांच्या राजवटीचा पाया. (→ English: INA Day, post-war upsurge · हिन्दी: आईएनए दिवस, युद्धोत्तर उभार)

In exam EnglishThe trials turned into a national campaign far larger than the Government had expected. Meetings, processions and fund collections took place across the country, and 12 November 1945 was observed as INA Day. Support came not only from the Congress but also from the Muslim League, the Communists, the Akalis and even some who had stood by the Government in the war, while government employees and men in uniform showed open sympathy. In Calcutta the anger spilled into the streets twice: in November 1945, when students marching for the INA prisoners were fired upon, and again in February 1946, after Captain Abdul Rashid of the INA was sentenced to seven years' rigorous imprisonment. Gandhi, who never accepted violent methods, still praised the INA's courage and the unity of its ranks across religion and region. For British officials the clearest lesson was the sympathy within the armed forces themselves, on whose loyalty their rule had rested since 1858.

सर्वात मोठा धक्का नौदलातून. 18 फेब्रुवारी 1946 रोजी मुंबईतील सिग्नल प्रशिक्षण केंद्र HMIS तलवार येथे रेटिंग्ज (अधिकाऱ्यांपेक्षा खालचे नौसैनिक) यांनी काम नाकारले. कारणे: वाईट जेवण, ब्रिटिश अधिकाऱ्यांची वांशिक शिवीगाळ, कमी पगार, युद्धानंतर सुटकेला उशीर; 'चले जाव' लिहिल्याबद्दल बी. सी. दत्त यांच्या अटकेने आगीत तेल ओतले. एका दिवसात मुंबई बंदर, मग कराची, कलकत्ता, मद्रास, विशाखापट्टणम — हाच नौसैनिक उठाव. नौदल मध्यवर्ती संप समिती (अध्यक्ष एम. एस. खान) च्या मागण्या: आयएनए कैद्यांची सुटका, इंडोनेशियातून भारतीय सैन्य माघारी. जहाजांवर काँग्रेस, लीग, कम्युनिस्ट झेंडे शेजारी शेजारी — तीन नद्या एकाच संगमावर मिळाव्यात तसे. (→ English: Royal Indian Navy mutiny, ratings · हिन्दी: शाही भारतीय नौसेना विद्रोह, रेटिंग्स)

In exam EnglishThe sharpest blow came from the navy. On 18 February 1946 ratings (sailors below officer rank) at HMIS Talwar, a signals training establishment in Bombay, refused duty. Their complaints were bad food, racial insults from British officers, low pay and slow release from service after the war, and the arrest of a rating, B. C. Dutt, for painting 'Quit India' and other slogans added to the anger. Within a day the strike spread to ships and shore establishments in Bombay harbour and then to naval units in Karachi, Calcutta, Madras, Visakhapatnam and elsewhere. This was the Royal Indian Navy mutiny. The ratings elected a Naval Central Strike Committee, with M. S. Khan as its president, and their demands joined service grievances with political ones: the release of INA prisoners and other political prisoners, and the withdrawal of Indian troops from Indonesia. Ships hoisted the flags of the Congress, the Muslim League and the Communist Party side by side.

ब्रिटिशांनी बळाने उत्तर दिले: युद्धनौका, विमाने आणली. राष्ट्रीय नेत्यांनी उठावाला पाठिंबा दिला नाही. जिनांच्या पाठिंब्याने वल्लभभाई पटेलांनी संप समितीला शरण जाण्यास राजी केले, छळ होऊ नये म्हणून प्रयत्न करू असे आश्वासन देऊन. 23 फेब्रुवारी 1946 रोजी 'आम्ही भारतापुढे शरण जात आहोत, ब्रिटनपुढे नाही' म्हणत शरणागती. हिंसा आणि नेतृत्वहीन कृतीचे वाईट उदाहरण म्हणून गांधीजींनी टीका केली; अरुणा असफ अली आणि कम्युनिस्टांनी पाठिंबा दिला. नेत्यांच्या सावधपणाचे कारण: घरातले वडीलधारे वाटाघाटी करत असताना उद्या आपल्याच सैन्यात शिस्त नसेल तर? हवाई दलात (जानेवारी 1946) आणि जबलपूरच्या सिग्नल तुकड्यांतही (फेब्रुवारी) संप. 19 फेब्रुवारीला ब्रिटिश पंतप्रधान ॲटली यांनी कॅबिनेट मिशन जाहीर केले. (→ English: surrender, Cabinet Mission · हिन्दी: आत्मसमर्पण, कैबिनेट मिशन)

In exam EnglishThe British brought up warships and aircraft and threatened force. The national leaders did not back the rising. Vallabhbhai Patel, with Jinnah's support, persuaded the strike committee to surrender, promising that the national parties would try to prevent victimisation, and the ratings gave in on 23 February 1946 with the words that they were surrendering to India, not to Britain. Gandhi criticised the mutiny as a bad example of violence and of action without leadership, while Aruna Asaf Ali and the Communists supported the ratings. The leaders' caution had a reason: with negotiations close, they feared that indiscipline in the forces would later weaken a free India's own army. Other services stirred too, with strikes in the Royal Indian Air Force in January 1946 and among army signal units at Jabalpur in February. On 19 February 1946, while the naval strike was still spreading, the British Prime Minister Clement Attlee announced that a Cabinet Mission would go to India.
The post-war upsurge, 1945–1946
EventWhenKey fact
First INA trialFrom November 1945Red Fort, Delhi; sentences remitted by Auchinleck in January 1946
INA Day12 November 1945Observed across India for the INA prisoners
Calcutta protestsNovember 1945 and February 1946Students fired on; second wave after Abdul Rashid's sentence
Air force strikesJanuary 1946Royal Indian Air Force units
Royal Indian Navy mutiny18–23 February 1946Began at HMIS Talwar, Bombay; ended in surrender on Patel's advice

एकूण पाहता, ब्रिटिश राजवटीचा शेवट एकाच वेळी अनेक बाजूंनी जवळ आला. सैन्य म्हणून आझाद हिंद सेना अपयशी ठरली — भारताच्या सीमेपर्यंतच पोहोचली, स्वतःचे हेतू असलेल्या जपानवर अवलंबून राहिली. पण विचार म्हणून जिंकली: सर्व धर्म, प्रांतांचे सैनिक, काँग्रेस नेत्यांच्या नावांच्या रेजिमेंट, 1945 च्या खटल्यांनी राष्ट्रीय नायक. तलावाच्या बांधाला अनेक ठिकाणी एकदम भेगा पडल्या तर बांध टिकत नाही — नौसैनिक उठाव, थकलेला ब्रिटन, जुलै 1945 मध्ये निवडून आलेले मजूर सरकार, थकलेली नोकरशाही यांनी मिळून लवकर तडजोड अटळ केली. (→ English: Indian National Army, post-war upsurge · हिन्दी: आज़ाद हिंद फ़ौज, युद्धोत्तर उभार)

In exam EnglishTaken together, the INA and the post-war upsurge show how the end of British rule was hastened from several sides at once. As an army, the Indian National Army failed: it reached only the edge of India and depended on a Japanese ally that had its own aims. As an idea, it succeeded far beyond its battles. Its soldiers had come from every religion and region, its regiments carried the names of Congress leaders, and the trials of 1945 made its men national heroes. The naval rising showed that the discontent had reached the services that Britain needed most. Combined with a war-weary Britain, the Labour government elected in July 1945 and a tired civil service, this made a quick settlement unavoidable.

Exam traps

Recap

Practice questions

Q1. The Provisional Government of Free India was proclaimed by Subhas Chandra Bose on 21 October 1943 at

  1. Rangoon
  2. Singapore
  3. Tokyo
  4. Port Blair
Show answer

Answer: B. Singapore

(b) is correct: the government was proclaimed at Singapore. (a) is wrong: its headquarters moved to Rangoon only in January 1944. (c) is wrong: Bose reached Tokyo before going to Singapore, but the proclamation was not made there. (d) is wrong: Bose visited Port Blair at the end of December 1943, after the proclamation.

Q2. Consider the following statements:
1. The first Indian National Army was raised by Mohan Singh from Indian prisoners of war after the fall of Singapore.
2. Rash Behari Bose took direct command of the Indian National Army in October 1943 and proclaimed a provisional government.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

  1. 1 only
  2. 2 only
  3. Both 1 and 2
  4. Neither 1 nor 2
Show answer

Answer: A. 1 only

(a) is correct. Statement 1 is true: Mohan Singh, with Japanese support, raised the first INA in 1942. Statement 2 is false: Rash Behari Bose handed over to Subhas Chandra Bose in July 1943, and it was Subhas who commanded the army and proclaimed the provisional government. So (b) and (c) are wrong because they accept statement 2, and (d) is wrong because statement 1 is true.

Q3. The Rani of Jhansi Regiment of the Indian National Army was commanded by

  1. Aruna Asaf Ali
  2. Usha Mehta
  3. Lakshmi Swaminathan
  4. Sucheta Kripalani
Show answer

Answer: C. Lakshmi Swaminathan

(c) is correct: Captain Lakshmi Swaminathan, later Lakshmi Sahgal, commanded the regiment. (a) is wrong: Aruna Asaf Ali hoisted the flag at Gowalia Tank in 1942 and later backed the naval ratings. (b) is wrong: Usha Mehta ran the secret Congress Radio in 1942. (d) is wrong: Sucheta Kripalani was an underground leader of the Quit India Movement.

Q4. Match List I with List II:
List I (Place) — List II (Event)
A. Moirang — 1. Court martial of INA officers, 1945
B. Red Fort — 2. INA flag raised on the Indian mainland, 1944
C. HMIS Talwar — 3. National flag raised by Bose, December 1943
D. Port Blair — 4. Start of the naval strike, 1946
Select the correct answer using the code given below:

  1. A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3
  2. A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2
  3. A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3
  4. A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4
Show answer

Answer: A. A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3

(a) is correct: Moirang saw the INA flag in April 1944, the Red Fort the trial of 1945, HMIS Talwar the start of the naval strike in February 1946, and Port Blair Bose's flag-raising in December 1943. (b) swaps Moirang and Port Blair. (c) swaps the Red Fort and HMIS Talwar. (d) matches none of the pairs correctly.

Q5. Who among the following was NOT one of the three accused in the first INA trial held at the Red Fort in 1945?

  1. Shah Nawaz Khan
  2. Prem Kumar Sahgal
  3. Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon
  4. Mohan Singh
Show answer

Answer: D. Mohan Singh

(d) is correct: Mohan Singh founded the first INA in 1942 but was not an accused in this trial. (a), (b) and (c) are wrong choices because Shah Nawaz Khan, Prem Kumar Sahgal and Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon were the three officers tried together at the Red Fort.

Q6. Consider the following statements about the Royal Indian Navy mutiny of 1946:
1. It began among the ratings of HMIS Talwar in Bombay in February 1946.
2. The Congress and the Muslim League leaders supported it and called a nationwide strike to continue it.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

  1. 1 only
  2. 2 only
  3. Both 1 and 2
  4. Neither 1 nor 2
Show answer

Answer: A. 1 only

(a) is correct. Statement 1 is true: the strike began at HMIS Talwar on 18 February 1946. Statement 2 is false: Patel, with Jinnah's backing, persuaded the ratings to surrender, and Gandhi criticised the rising; support came from Aruna Asaf Ali and the Communists. So (b) and (c) are wrong because they accept statement 2, and (d) is wrong because statement 1 is true.

Q7. Which national leader persuaded the striking naval ratings to surrender in February 1946?

  1. Jawaharlal Nehru
  2. Vallabhbhai Patel
  3. Maulana Abul Kalam Azad
  4. Bhulabhai Desai
Show answer

Answer: B. Vallabhbhai Patel

(b) is correct: Vallabhbhai Patel, backed by Jinnah, persuaded the Naval Central Strike Committee to surrender on 23 February 1946. (a) is wrong: Nehru is remembered in this period for appearing in the INA defence, not for ending the naval strike. (c) is wrong: Azad did not lead the talks that ended the strike. (d) is wrong: Bhulabhai Desai led the defence at the Red Fort trial.

Q8. Consider the following statements about Subhas Chandra Bose:
1. In Germany he formed the Indian Legion from Indian soldiers captured in North Africa.
2. He travelled from Europe to Asia in 1943 by submarine.
3. In a radio address of July 1944 he called Gandhi the Father of the Nation.
Which of the statements given above are correct?

  1. 1 and 2 only
  2. 2 and 3 only
  3. 1 and 3 only
  4. 1, 2 and 3
Show answer

Answer: D. 1, 2 and 3

(d) is correct: all three statements are true. Bose raised the Indian Legion in Germany, went east in 1943 first in a German and then in a Japanese submarine, and addressed Gandhi as the Father of the Nation in July 1944. (a), (b) and (c) are wrong because each leaves out one true statement.

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