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English · हिन्दी · తెలుగు · தமிழ் · മലയാളം · मराठी · ಕನ್ನಡ

Quick recap: constitutional development 1773–1935 on one page

ಕನ್ನಡದಲ್ಲಿ ವಿವರಣೆ

Constitutional development, 1773–1935 · Quick recap · Fact-checked on · how we check

Written with AI from the sources listed at the bottom of this page, then fact-checked by a separate AI.

All three parts of the chapter condensed for quick revision: the Regulating Act, Pitt's India Act and the Charter Acts, the transfer to the Crown, the Indian Councils Acts of 1861, 1892 and 1909, the Act of 1919 and dyarchy, and the Government of India Act 1935 with its federation, lists, provincial autonomy, institutions and legacy.

Each idea is explained first in Kannada (ಕನ್ನಡ), ending with the English and Hindi exam terms, followed by the same point in exam English. UPSC Prelims is in English or Hindi, so understand it in Kannada and revise it in English.

ವ್ಯಾಪಾರಿ ಕಂಪನಿಯ ಪ್ರದೇಶಗಳು ಲಿಖಿತ ಚೌಕಟ್ಟಿನ ಸರ್ಕಾರವಾಗಿ ಹೇಗೆ ಬದಲಾದವು ಎಂದು ಈ ಅಧ್ಯಾಯ ತೋರಿಸಿತು. ಭಾಗ ಒಂದು: 1773-1853 ಈಸ್ಟ್ ಇಂಡಿಯಾ ಕಂಪನಿ ಮೇಲೆ ಸಂಸತ್ತಿನ ನಿಯಂತ್ರಣ. ಭಾಗ ಎರಡು: 1858-1919 ರಾಣಿಯ ಆಳ್ವಿಕೆ, ಪರಿಷತ್ತುಗಳು ನಿಧಾನವಾಗಿ ತೆರೆದದ್ದು. ಭಾಗ ಮೂರು: 1935ರ ಕಾಯ್ದೆ. ಮೂರರಲ್ಲೂ ಒಂದೇ ಎಳೆ: ಪ್ರತಿ ಕಾಯ್ದೆ ಭಾರತೀಯರಿಗೆ ಸ್ವಲ್ಪ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಧ್ವನಿ ಕೊಟ್ಟಿತು, ಕೊನೆಯ ಮಾತು ಬ್ರಿಟಿಷ್ ಅಧಿಕಾರಿಗಳದು. (→ English: East India Company · हिन्दी: ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनी)

In exam EnglishThis chapter traced how a trading company's territories became a government with a written framework. Part 1 covered Parliament's control of the East India Company from 1773 to 1853, Part 2 covered Crown rule and the slow opening of the councils from 1858 to 1919, and Part 3 covered the Government of India Act 1935. The thread through all three is the same: each Act gave Indians a little more voice while keeping final power with British officials.

ಭಾಗ ಒಂದರ ಸಾರ: 1773ರ ರೆಗ್ಯುಲೇಟಿಂಗ್ ಕಾಯ್ದೆ ಬಂಗಾಳದ ಗವರ್ನರ್‌ನನ್ನು ನಾಲ್ವರ ಪರಿಷತ್ತಿನೊಂದಿಗೆ ಬಂಗಾಳದ ಗವರ್ನರ್ ಜನರಲ್ ಮಾಡಿತು, ಬಾಂಬೆ, ಮದ್ರಾಸ್ ಅವನ ಅಡಿಗೆ, ಕಲ್ಕತ್ತಾದಲ್ಲಿ ಸುಪ್ರೀಂ ಕೋರ್ಟ್. 1784ರ ಪಿಟ್ಸ್ ಇಂಡಿಯಾ ಕಾಯ್ದೆ ನಿಯಂತ್ರಣ ಮಂಡಳಿ ತಂದಿತು. 1813: ಚಹಾ, ಚೀನಾ ವ್ಯಾಪಾರ ಬಿಟ್ಟು ಏಕಸ್ವಾಮ್ಯ ಮುಗಿಯಿತು. 1833: ಭಾರತದ ಗವರ್ನರ್ ಜನರಲ್, ಕಂಪನಿ ವ್ಯಾಪಾರ ಅಂತ್ಯ. 1853: ಕಾನೂನು ರಚನೆ ಬೇರೆ, ನಾಗರಿಕ ಸೇವೆ ಸ್ಪರ್ಧಾ ಪರೀಕ್ಷೆಗೆ ತೆರೆದಿತು. ಪ್ರತಿ ಮೆಟ್ಟಿಲಿಗೂ ಮಾಲೀಕನ ಹಿಡಿತ ಬಿಗಿಯಾಯಿತು. (→ English: Regulating Act, Board of Control, Charter Act · हिन्दी: रेग्युलेटिंग एक्ट, नियंत्रण बोर्ड, चार्टर एक्ट)

In exam EnglishPart 1: the Regulating Act of 1773 made the Governor of Bengal the Governor-General of Bengal with a council of four, put Bombay and Madras under him and provided for a Supreme Court at Calcutta. Pitt's India Act of 1784 set up the Board of Control beside the Court of Directors. The Charter Act of 1813 ended the Company's monopoly of Indian trade except tea and the China trade, the Act of 1833 made the Governor-General of Bengal the Governor-General of India and ended the Company's trade, and the Act of 1853 separated law-making from the executive and opened the civil service to open competition.

ಭಾಗ ಎರಡರ ಸಾರ: 1858ರ ಕಾಯ್ದೆ ಆಡಳಿತವನ್ನು ರಾಣಿಗೆ ಕೊಟ್ಟಿತು, ಭಾರತ ಪರಿಷತ್ತಿನೊಂದಿಗೆ ಭಾರತ ಮಂತ್ರಿ ಬಂದ, ಗವರ್ನರ್ ಜನರಲ್ ವೈಸರಾಯ್ ಕೂಡ ಆದ, ಮೊದಲಿಗ ಕ್ಯಾನಿಂಗ್. 1861: ಭಾರತೀಯರ ನಾಮನಿರ್ದೇಶನ, ಖಾತೆ ಪದ್ಧತಿ, ಸುಗ್ರೀವಾಜ್ಞೆ. 1892: ಸಂಸ್ಥೆಗಳು ಶಿಫಾರಸು ಮಾಡಿದ ಸದಸ್ಯರು, ಮತವಿಲ್ಲದ ಬಜೆಟ್ ಚರ್ಚೆ. 1909 ಮಾರ್ಲೆ-ಮಿಂಟೋ: ದೊಡ್ಡ ಪರಿಷತ್ತುಗಳು, ಪೂರಕ ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆ, ನಿರ್ಣಯ, ಮುಸ್ಲಿಮರಿಗೆ ಪ್ರತ್ಯೇಕ ಮತಕ್ಷೇತ್ರ. ಬಾಗಿಲು ಇಂಚಿಂಚಾಗಿ ತೆರೆಯಿತು. (→ English: Secretary of State for India, Morley-Minto Reforms · हिन्दी: भारत सचिव, मॉर्ले-मिंटो सुधार)

In exam EnglishPart 2: the Government of India Act 1858 transferred rule to the Crown, created the Secretary of State for India with a Council of India, and made the Governor-General also the Viceroy, Canning being the first. The Indian Councils Act 1861 let the Viceroy nominate Indians to his legislative council and gave legal force to the portfolio system and ordinances. The Act of 1892 brought in members recommended by local bodies and budget discussion without voting. The Act of 1909, the Morley-Minto Reforms, enlarged the councils, allowed supplementary questions and resolutions, and introduced separate electorates for Muslims.

ಭಾಗ ಎರಡರ ಕೊನೆಗೆ 1919ರ ಕಾಯ್ದೆ: 20 ಆಗಸ್ಟ್ 1917ರ ಮಾಂಟೆಗು ಘೋಷಣೆ ಮತ್ತು 1918ರ ವರದಿ ಅದರ ಆಧಾರ. ಪ್ರಾಂತೀಯ ವಿಷಯಗಳನ್ನು ವರ್ಗಾಯಿತ (ಸದನಕ್ಕೆ ಉತ್ತರದಾಯಿ ಮಂತ್ರಿಗಳು), ಮೀಸಲು (ಗವರ್ನರ್ ಮತ್ತು ಕಾರ್ಯಕಾರಿ ಪರಿಷತ್ತು) ಎಂದು ವಿಭಜಿಸಿದರು; ಅದೇ ದ್ವಿಸರ್ಕಾರ ಪದ್ಧತಿ. ಒಂದೇ ಗಾಡಿಗೆ ಎರಡು ದಿಕ್ಕಿಗೆ ಎಳೆಯುವ ಎರಡು ಎತ್ತು ಕಟ್ಟಿದಂತೆ. ಕೇಂದ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ ಎರಡು ಸದನ, ಬಹುಪಾಲು ನೇರ ಚುನಾಯಿತರು; ಸಿಖ್ಖರು ಮುಂತಾದವರಿಗೆ ಪ್ರತ್ಯೇಕ ಮತಕ್ಷೇತ್ರ; ಲೋಕಸೇವಾ ಆಯೋಗ 1926ರಲ್ಲಿ. (→ English: dyarchy, transferred and reserved subjects · हिन्दी: द्वैध शासन प्रणाली, हस्तांतरित और आरक्षित विषय)

In exam EnglishPart 2 ended with the Government of India Act 1919, built on the Montagu declaration of 20 August 1917 and the Montagu-Chelmsford Report of 1918. It divided provincial subjects into transferred subjects under ministers responsible to the legislature and reserved subjects under the Governor and his executive council, the system called dyarchy. At the Centre it created a bicameral legislature with a directly elected majority, extended separate electorates to Sikhs and others, and provided for a Public Service Commission, set up in 1926.

ಭಾಗ ಮೂರರ ಸಾರ: ಸೈಮನ್ ಆಯೋಗ, ಮೂರು ದುಂಡುಮೇಜಿನ ಸಮ್ಮೇಳನಗಳು, ಶ್ವೇತಪತ್ರದ ನಂತರ ಭಾರತ ಸರ್ಕಾರ ಕಾಯ್ದೆ 1935. ಕೇಂದ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ ದ್ವಿಸರ್ಕಾರದೊಂದಿಗೆ ಪ್ರಾಂತ್ಯ, ಸಂಸ್ಥಾನಗಳ ಒಕ್ಕೂಟ ಯೋಜನೆ; ಅದು ಎಂದೂ ಬರಲಿಲ್ಲ. ಫೆಡರಲ್ (59), ಪ್ರಾಂತೀಯ (54), ಸಮವರ್ತಿ (36) ಪಟ್ಟಿಗಳು; ಉಳಿಕೆ ಅಧಿಕಾರ ಗವರ್ನರ್ ಜನರಲ್‌ಗೆ. 1 ಏಪ್ರಿಲ್ 1937ರಿಂದ ಪ್ರಾಂತ್ಯಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಸದನಕ್ಕೆ ಉತ್ತರದಾಯಿ ಮಂತ್ರಿಗಳು, ಆದರೆ ಗವರ್ನರ್‌ಗೆ ವಿಶೇಷ ಜವಾಬ್ದಾರಿ ಮತ್ತು ವಿಭಾಗ 93. ಮನೆ ಒಪ್ಪಿಸಿದರು, ದೊಡ್ಡ ಬೀಗದ ಕೈ ತಮ್ಮಲ್ಲೇ ಇಟ್ಟರು. (→ English: Government of India Act 1935, All-India Federation, provincial autonomy · हिन्दी: भारत शासन अधिनियम 1935, अखिल भारतीय संघ, प्रांतीय स्वायत्तता)

In exam EnglishPart 3: the Government of India Act 1935 came after the Simon Commission, the three Round Table Conferences and a White Paper. It planned an All-India Federation of provinces and princely states with dyarchy at the Centre, but this never came into being. It divided powers into Federal (59 items), Provincial (54) and Concurrent (36) Lists, with residuary powers left to the Governor-General. From 1 April 1937 it gave the provinces autonomy under ministers responsible to legislatures, though the Governor kept special responsibilities and Section 93.

1935ರ ಕಾಯ್ದೆ ಆರು ಪ್ರಾಂತ್ಯಗಳಿಗೆ ಎರಡು ಸದನ ಕೊಟ್ಟಿತು, ಮತದಾನವನ್ನು ಸುಮಾರು ಹತ್ತರಲ್ಲಿ ಒಬ್ಬರಿಗೆ ವಿಸ್ತರಿಸಿತು, ಪೂನಾ ಒಪ್ಪಂದದಿಂದ ಬದಲಾದ ಕೋಮು ತೀರ್ಪನ್ನು ಸೇರಿಸಿತು. ಫೆಡರಲ್ ನ್ಯಾಯಾಲಯ (ದೆಹಲಿ, 1937), ಫೆಡರಲ್, ಪ್ರಾಂತೀಯ, ಜಂಟಿ ಲೋಕಸೇವಾ ಆಯೋಗಗಳು; ಭಾರತ ಪರಿಷತ್ತು ರದ್ದು, ಬರ್ಮಾ ಬೇರೆ, ಸಿಂಧ್, ಒರಿಸ್ಸಾ ಹೊಸ ಪ್ರಾಂತ್ಯಗಳು. ಕಾಂಗ್ರೆಸ್ ತಿರಸ್ಕರಿಸಿದರೂ 1937ರ ಚುನಾವಣೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಸ್ಪರ್ಧಿಸಿತು. ನಮ್ಮ ಸಂವಿಧಾನ ಇದರ ಪಟ್ಟಿಗಳು, ರಾಜ್ಯಪಾಲ, ಆಯೋಗಗಳನ್ನು ಉಳಿಸಿತು, ಆದರೆ ಪ್ರತ್ಯೇಕ ಮತಕ್ಷೇತ್ರ ಮತ್ತು ಸೀಮಿತ ಮತದ ಬದಲು ಎಲ್ಲರಿಗೂ ಮತ ಕೊಟ್ಟಿತು. ಹಳೆಯ ಮನೆಯ ಗೋಡೆ, ಹೊಸ ಮಾಲೀಕರು ಜನರು. (→ English: Federal Court, universal adult franchise · हिन्दी: संघीय न्यायालय, सार्वभौम वयस्क मताधिकार)

In exam EnglishThe 1935 Act also gave six provinces two-house legislatures, widened the vote to roughly a tenth of the population, and built in the Communal Award as changed by the Poona Pact. It provided for a Federal Court, set up at Delhi in 1937, and for federal, provincial and joint Public Service Commissions; it abolished the Council of India, separated Burma and created Sind and Orissa. The Congress rejected it but fought the 1937 elections. Its framework passed into the Constitution of India, which kept the lists, the Governor and the commissions but replaced separate electorates and the narrow franchise with universal adult franchise.
Constitutional development, 1773–1935, at a glance
ActRemember it for
Regulating Act 1773Governor-General of Bengal (Hastings); Supreme Court at Calcutta (1774)
Pitt's India Act 1784Board of Control; double government
Charter Act 1813Trade monopoly ended except tea and China; Rs 1 lakh for education
Charter Act 1833Governor-General of India (Bentinck); Company's trade ended
Charter Act 1853Separate legislative wing; open competition for the civil service
Government of India Act 1858Crown rule; Secretary of State; first Viceroy (Canning)
Indian Councils Act 1861Indians nominated; portfolio system; ordinances
Indian Councils Act 1892Indirect election; budget discussion
Indian Councils Act 1909Separate electorates for Muslims; S. P. Sinha on Executive Council
Government of India Act 1919Provincial dyarchy; bicameral central legislature
Government of India Act 1935Federation (never formed); three lists; provincial autonomy; Federal Court

Exam traps

Recap

Practice questions

Q1. Which Act provided for the establishment of a Supreme Court at Calcutta?

  1. Regulating Act 1773
  2. Pitt's India Act 1784
  3. Charter Act 1813
  4. Charter Act 1833
Show answer

Answer: A. Regulating Act 1773

(a) is correct: the Regulating Act provided for the court, which began work in 1774. (b) is wrong: Pitt's India Act created the Board of Control. (c) is wrong: the 1813 Act dealt with trade, missionaries and education. (d) is wrong: the 1833 Act created the Governor-General of India and centralised law-making.

Q2. Which Act introduced open competition as the method of recruiting the civil servants of the Company?

  1. Charter Act 1793
  2. Charter Act 1813
  3. Charter Act 1833
  4. Charter Act 1853
Show answer

Answer: D. Charter Act 1853

(d) is correct: the 1853 Act ended the Directors' patronage and opened the service to competition. (a) is wrong: the 1793 Act renewed the charter. (b) is wrong: the 1813 Act ended most of the trade monopoly. (c) is wrong: the 1833 Act only proposed competition, which was not put into practice then.

Q3. Consider the following statements:
1. The Government of India Act 1858 abolished the Board of Control.
2. The Indian Councils Act 1861 introduced separate electorates.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

  1. 1 only
  2. 2 only
  3. Both 1 and 2
  4. Neither 1 nor 2
Show answer

Answer: A. 1 only

(a) is correct: the 1858 Act abolished the Board of Control and the Court of Directors. Statement 2 is wrong: the 1861 Act only allowed nomination; separate electorates came in 1909. So (b) and (c) are wrong, and (d) is wrong because statement 1 is correct.

Q4. Arrange the following in chronological order:
1. Introduction of indirect election to the legislative councils
2. Separate electorates for Muslims
3. Nomination of Indians to the Viceroy's legislative council
4. Dyarchy in the provinces
Select the correct answer using the code given below:

  1. 3-1-2-4
  2. 1-3-2-4
  3. 3-2-1-4
  4. 1-2-3-4
Show answer

Answer: A. 3-1-2-4

(a) is correct: nomination (1861), indirect election (1892), separate electorates (1909), dyarchy (1919). (b) is wrong: it puts 1892 before 1861. (c) is wrong: it puts 1909 before 1892. (d) is wrong: it puts nomination after separate electorates.

Q5. Under the Government of India Act 1919, which one of the following was a transferred subject in the provinces?

  1. Police
  2. Land revenue
  3. Education
  4. Irrigation
Show answer

Answer: C. Education

(c) is correct: education was run by ministers responsible to the legislature. (a), (b) and (d) are wrong: police, land revenue and irrigation were reserved subjects under the Governor and his executive council.

Q6. Which of the following features of the Government of India Act 1935 actually came into operation?
1. Provincial autonomy
2. The All-India Federation
3. Dyarchy at the Centre
Select the correct answer using the code given below:

  1. 1 only
  2. 1 and 2 only
  3. 2 and 3 only
  4. 1, 2 and 3
Show answer

Answer: A. 1 only

(a) is correct: provincial autonomy began on 1 April 1937. The federation never formed because not enough princely states joined, and dyarchy at the Centre was part of that federation, so (b), (c) and (d) are wrong.

Q7. Consider the following statements:
1. Under the Government of India Act 1935, residuary powers were given to the Federal Legislature.
2. Under the Constitution of India, residuary powers lie with Parliament.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

  1. 1 only
  2. 2 only
  3. Both 1 and 2
  4. Neither 1 nor 2
Show answer

Answer: B. 2 only

(b) is correct: Article 248 gives residuary powers to Parliament. Statement 1 is wrong: under the 1935 Act the Governor-General decided in his discretion which legislature could use them. So (a) and (c) are wrong, and (d) is wrong because statement 2 is correct.

Q8. Match the following:
A. First Governor-General of India B. First Viceroy C. First Indian on the Viceroy's Executive Council D. First Chief Justice of the Federal Court
1. Satyendra Prasanna Sinha 2. Lord William Bentinck 3. Sir Maurice Gwyer 4. Lord Canning
Select the correct answer using the code given below:

  1. A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3
  2. A-4, B-2, C-1, D-3
  3. A-2, B-4, C-3, D-1
  4. A-4, B-2, C-3, D-1
Show answer

Answer: A. A-2, B-4, C-1, D-3

(a) is correct: Bentinck (1833), Canning (1858), S. P. Sinha (1909) and Maurice Gwyer (1937). (b) is wrong: it swaps Bentinck and Canning. (c) is wrong: it swaps Sinha and Gwyer. (d) is wrong: it swaps both pairs.

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