Study this in the app →

English · हिन्दी · తెలుగు · தமிழ் · മലയാളം · मराठी · ಕನ್ನಡ

Parliament and the Company, 1773–1853

ಕನ್ನಡದಲ್ಲಿ ವಿವರಣೆ

Constitutional development, 1773–1935 · Part 1 / 3 · Fact-checked on · how we check

Written with AI from the sources listed at the bottom of this page, then fact-checked by a separate AI.

Why Parliament began to regulate the East India Company, the Regulating Act of 1773 and its defects, the Act of Settlement of 1781, Pitt's India Act of 1784 and the double government, the Act of 1786, and the Charter Acts of 1793, 1813, 1833 and 1853 that ended the Company's trade, centralised law-making and opened the civil service to competition.

Each idea is explained first in Kannada (ಕನ್ನಡ), ending with the English and Hindi exam terms, followed by the same point in exam English. UPSC Prelims is in English or Hindi, so understand it in Kannada and revise it in English.

1773ರಿಂದ 1935ರವರೆಗೆ ಬ್ರಿಟಿಷ್ ಸಂಸತ್ತು ಮಾಡಿದ ಕಾಯ್ದೆಗಳ ಸರಪಳಿ ಒಂದು ವ್ಯಾಪಾರಿ ಕಂಪನಿಯ ಆಡಳಿತವನ್ನು ಪೂರ್ಣ ಸರ್ಕಾರಿ ವ್ಯವಸ್ಥೆಯಾಗಿ ಬದಲಾಯಿಸಿತು. ಮೊದಲ ಭಾಗ: ಈಸ್ಟ್ ಇಂಡಿಯಾ ಕಂಪನಿ ಇನ್ನೂ ಆಳುತ್ತಿದ್ದರೂ ಸಂಸತ್ತಿಗೆ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಉತ್ತರ ಕೊಡಬೇಕಾದ ಕಾಲ — 1773ರ ರೆಗ್ಯುಲೇಟಿಂಗ್ ಕಾಯ್ದೆ, 1784ರ ಪಿಟ್ಸ್ ಇಂಡಿಯಾ ಕಾಯ್ದೆ, 1853ರವರೆಗೆ ನಾಲ್ಕು ಚಾರ್ಟರ್ ಕಾಯ್ದೆಗಳು. ಎರಡನೇ ಭಾಗ: 1858–1919 ರಾಜಮುಕುಟದ ಆಡಳಿತ, ಪರಿಷತ್ತುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಭಾರತೀಯರ ಪ್ರವೇಶ; ಮೂರನೇ ಭಾಗ: 1935ರ ಕಾಯ್ದೆ. ಮನೆ ಒಂದೇ ದಿನದಲ್ಲಿ ಕಟ್ಟುವುದಿಲ್ಲ — ಇಟ್ಟಿಗೆಯ ಮೇಲೆ ಇಟ್ಟಿಗೆ; ನಮ್ಮ ಸಂವಿಧಾನದ ಕೇಂದ್ರ ಶಾಸಕಾಂಗ, ಸ್ವತಂತ್ರ ನ್ಯಾಯಾಲಯ, ನಾಗರಿಕ ಸೇವಾ ಪರೀಕ್ಷೆಯಂಥ ಇಟ್ಟಿಗೆಗಳು ಈ ಕಾಯ್ದೆಗಳಲ್ಲೇ ಶುರುವಾದವು. (→ English: East India Company, Regulating Act, Charter Act · हिन्दी: ईस्ट इंडिया कंपनी, रेग्युलेटिंग एक्ट, चार्टर एक्ट)

In exam EnglishBetween 1773 and 1935 the British Parliament passed a long chain of Acts that turned a trading company's rule into a full system of government for India. This chapter follows that chain in three parts. Part 1 covers the years when the East India Company still ruled but answered more and more to Parliament: the Regulating Act of 1773, Pitt's India Act of 1784 and four Charter Acts that renewed the Company's licence until 1853. Part 2 covers rule by the Crown and the slow entry of Indians into legislative councils from 1858 to 1919, and Part 3 the Government of India Act 1935. The topic matters for Prelims because many features of today's Constitution, such as a central legislature, a high court system independent of the executive and an open examination for the civil service, first took shape in these Acts.

1760ರ ದಶಕದ ಹೊತ್ತಿಗೆ ಕಂಪನಿ ಕೇವಲ ವ್ಯಾಪಾರಿಯಾಗಿರಲಿಲ್ಲ. 1765ರಲ್ಲಿ ಬಂಗಾಳ, ಬಿಹಾರ, ಒರಿಸ್ಸಾದ ದಿವಾನಿ ಸಿಕ್ಕ ನಂತರ ಶ್ರೀಮಂತ ಪ್ರಾಂತ್ಯದ ಕಂದಾಯ ವಸೂಲಿ ಮಾಡುತ್ತಿತ್ತು; ಆದರೂ ಲಂಡನ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ಷೇರುದಾರರಿಗೆ ಉತ್ತರ ಕೊಡುವ ವ್ಯಾಪಾರವಾಗಿಯೇ ನಡೆಯುತ್ತಿತ್ತು. ನೌಕರರು ಖಾಸಗಿ ವ್ಯಾಪಾರ, ರಾಜರ ಕಾಣಿಕೆಗಳಿಂದ ಶ್ರೀಮಂತರಾದರು; ಕಂಪನಿ ಸಾಲದಲ್ಲಿ. 1770ರ ಬಂಗಾಳ ಕ್ಷಾಮ ಕಂದಾಯಕ್ಕೂ ಹೆಸರಿಗೂ ಪೆಟ್ಟು ಕೊಟ್ಟಿತು. 1772ರಲ್ಲಿ ಕಂಪನಿ ಬ್ರಿಟಿಷ್ ಸರ್ಕಾರದಿಂದ ಸಾಲ ಕೇಳಿತು. ಸಂಸತ್ತು ನೆರವಾಯಿತು, ಜೊತೆಗೆ ತನಿಖಾ ಸಮಿತಿಗಳನ್ನೂ ನೇಮಿಸಿತು. ಊರಿನ ಕೆರೆಯನ್ನು ಒಬ್ಬ ವ್ಯಾಪಾರಿಗೆ ಒಪ್ಪಿಸಿ ಅವನು ನೀರು ಮಾರಿದರೆ ಪಂಚಾಯಿತಿ ಸುಮ್ಮನಿರುತ್ತದೆಯೇ? ಲಕ್ಷಾಂತರ ಜನರನ್ನು ಆಳುವ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆಯನ್ನು ಪೂರ್ತಿ ಖಾಸಗಿ ಕೈಯಲ್ಲಿ ಬಿಡಲಾಗದು ಎಂದು ಮೊದಲ ನಿಯಂತ್ರಣ ಕಾಯ್ದೆ ಬಂತು. (→ English: diwani, Bengal famine of 1770 · हिन्दी: दीवानी, 1770 का बंगाल अकाल)

In exam EnglishBy the 1760s the Company was no longer just a trader. After it received the diwani of Bengal, Bihar and Orissa in 1765, it collected the revenue of a rich province, yet it was still run from London as a business answerable to its shareholders. Its servants in India built private fortunes through trade on their own account and through gifts from Indian rulers, while the Company itself slid into debt. The Bengal famine of 1770, in which a very large number of people died, hurt both its revenue and its name. In 1772 the Company asked the British government for a loan. Parliament agreed to help, but it also appointed committees to look into the Company's affairs, and many members concluded that a body governing millions of people could not be left wholly in private hands. The answer was the first Act to regulate how the Company ruled in India.

1773ರ ರೆಗ್ಯುಲೇಟಿಂಗ್ ಕಾಯ್ದೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಮೊದಲ ಬಾರಿ ಕಂಪನಿಯ ಪ್ರದೇಶಗಳನ್ನು ಹೇಗೆ ಆಳಬೇಕೆಂದು ಸಂಸತ್ತು ಹೇಳಿತು. ಬಂಗಾಳದ ಗವರ್ನರ್ ಬಂಗಾಳದ ಗವರ್ನರ್ ಜನರಲ್ ಆದರು — ಮೊದಲಿಗರು ವಾರನ್ ಹೇಸ್ಟಿಂಗ್ಸ್; ನಾಲ್ವರು ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಪರಿಷತ್ತಿನೊಂದಿಗೆ, ಬಹುಮತದ ತೀರ್ಮಾನ. ಯುದ್ಧ-ಶಾಂತಿ ವಿಷಯಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಬಾಂಬೆ, ಮದ್ರಾಸ್ ಗವರ್ನರ್‌ಗಳು ಅವರ ಅಧೀನ. ಕಲ್ಕತ್ತಾದಲ್ಲಿ ಸುಪ್ರೀಂ ಕೋರ್ಟ್ — 1774ರಲ್ಲಿ ಎಲೈಜಾ ಇಂಪೆ ಮುಖ್ಯ ನ್ಯಾಯಮೂರ್ತಿ, ಇನ್ನೂ ಮೂವರು ನ್ಯಾಯಾಧೀಶರು. ನೌಕರರಿಗೆ ಖಾಸಗಿ ವ್ಯಾಪಾರ, ಕಾಣಿಕೆ, ಲಂಚ ನಿಷೇಧ; ನಿರ್ದೇಶಕರು ಕಂದಾಯ, ನಾಗರಿಕ, ಸೈನಿಕ ಪತ್ರಗಳನ್ನು ಬ್ರಿಟಿಷ್ ಸರ್ಕಾರದ ಮುಂದೆ ಇಡಬೇಕು. ಹಿರಿಯರು ಮೊದಲ ಬಾರಿ 'ಲೆಕ್ಕ ತೋರಿಸು' ಎಂದ ದಿನ — ಸಂಸದೀಯ ನಿಯಂತ್ರಣ ಮತ್ತು ಕೇಂದ್ರೀಕೃತ ಆಡಳಿತದ ಆರಂಭ. (→ English: Regulating Act, Governor-General · हिन्दी: रेग्युलेटिंग एक्ट, गवर्नर-जनरल)

In exam EnglishThe Regulating Act of 1773 was the first time Parliament laid down how the Company's territories in India were to be governed. The Governor of Bengal became the Governor-General of Bengal, the first being Warren Hastings, and he was to govern with a council of four members, decisions being taken by majority. The Governors of Bombay and Madras were placed under him in matters of war and peace with Indian powers. A Supreme Court of Judicature was set up at Calcutta; it began work in 1774 with Sir Elijah Impey as Chief Justice and three other judges. Company servants were forbidden to carry on private trade or to accept presents and bribes, and the directors in London had to place the Company's correspondence on revenue, civil and military affairs before the British government. The Act is remembered as the beginning of parliamentary control over the Company and of a central administration for British India.

ಕಾಯ್ದೆ ಆತುರದಲ್ಲಿ ಬರೆದದ್ದು, ಲೋಪಗಳು ಬೇಗ ಕಾಣಿಸಿದವು. ಗವರ್ನರ್ ಜನರಲ್ ಪರಿಷತ್ತನ್ನು ಮೀರಲು ಸಾಧ್ಯವಿರಲಿಲ್ಲ; ಕೆಲವು ವರ್ಷ ಫಿಲಿಪ್ ಫ್ರಾನ್ಸಿಸ್ ನೇತೃತ್ವದ ವಿರೋಧಿ ಬಹುಮತ ಹೇಸ್ಟಿಂಗ್ಸ್‌ರನ್ನು ಸೋಲಿಸಿತು. ಸುಪ್ರೀಂ ಕೋರ್ಟಿನ ವ್ಯಾಪ್ತಿ ಎಲ್ಲಿಯವರೆಗೆ ಎಂದು ಹೇಳಿರಲಿಲ್ಲ. ಪ್ರಸಿದ್ಧ ಘಟನೆ: ಹೇಸ್ಟಿಂಗ್ಸ್ ಮೇಲೆ ಭ್ರಷ್ಟಾಚಾರ ಆರೋಪ ಮಾಡಿದ ನಂದಕುಮಾರ್‌ರನ್ನು ನಕಲಿ ದಾಖಲೆ ಪ್ರಕರಣದಲ್ಲಿ ವಿಚಾರಿಸಿ 1775ರಲ್ಲಿ ಗಲ್ಲಿಗೇರಿಸಲಾಯಿತು. ಮನೆಯ ಯಜಮಾನನಿಗೂ ಊರ ಪಂಚಾಯಿತಿಗೂ ಮಿತಿ ಹೇಳದಿದ್ದರೆ ಜಗಳ ಖಚಿತ — ಆದ್ದರಿಂದ 1781ರ ಆಕ್ಟ್ ಆಫ್ ಸೆಟಲ್‌ಮೆಂಟ್: ಅಧಿಕೃತವಾಗಿ ಮಾಡಿದ ಕೆಲಸ, ಕಂದಾಯ ವಸೂಲಿ ನ್ಯಾಯಾಲಯದ ವ್ಯಾಪ್ತಿಯ ಹೊರಗೆ; ವೈಯಕ್ತಿಕ ಕಾನೂನು ವಿಷಯಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಹಿಂದೂಗಳಿಗೆ ಹಿಂದೂ ಕಾನೂನು, ಮುಸ್ಲಿಮರಿಗೆ ಮುಸ್ಲಿಂ ಕಾನೂನು. (→ English: Act of Settlement 1781, jurisdiction · हिन्दी: एक्ट ऑफ़ सेटलमेंट 1781, क्षेत्राधिकार)

In exam EnglishThe Act was drafted in haste and left gaps that soon caused trouble. The Governor-General had no power to overrule his council, and for some years Hastings was outvoted by a hostile majority led by Philip Francis. Nor did the Act say how far the Supreme Court could reach: whether it could judge the council's official acts, revenue cases, or Indians who were not Company servants. The best-known clash was the case of Nandakumar, who had accused Hastings of corruption, was then tried by the Supreme Court for forgery and was hanged in 1775. To settle such disputes, Parliament passed the Act of Settlement of 1781, also called the Amending Act. It placed the Governor-General and council beyond the Supreme Court's jurisdiction for acts done in their official capacity, kept revenue matters and their collection out of its reach, and directed it to respect Indian customs and to apply Hindu law to Hindus and Muslim law to Muslims in matters of personal law.

1784ರ ಪಿಟ್ಸ್ ಇಂಡಿಯಾ ಕಾಯ್ದೆ (ಪ್ರಧಾನಿ ವಿಲಿಯಂ ಪಿಟ್ ದ ಯಂಗರ್ ಹೆಸರಿನಲ್ಲಿ) ಬ್ರಿಟಿಷ್ ಸರ್ಕಾರಕ್ಕೆ ಭಾರತದ ಆಡಳಿತದಲ್ಲಿ ಶಾಶ್ವತ ಪಾಲು ಕೊಟ್ಟಿತು. ಆರು ಆಯುಕ್ತರ ನಿಯಂತ್ರಣ ಮಂಡಳಿ — ಅದರಲ್ಲಿ ಚಾನ್ಸಲರ್ ಆಫ್ ದ ಎಕ್ಸ್‌ಚೆಕರ್, ಒಬ್ಬ ಸೆಕ್ರೆಟರಿ ಆಫ್ ಸ್ಟೇಟ್ — ನಾಗರಿಕ, ಸೈನಿಕ, ಕಂದಾಯ ವ್ಯವಹಾರಗಳ ಮೇಲ್ವಿಚಾರಣೆ. ವ್ಯಾಪಾರ, ನೇಮಕಾತಿ ಕೋರ್ಟ್ ಆಫ್ ಡೈರೆಕ್ಟರ್ಸ್ ಕೈಯಲ್ಲಿ. ಒಂದು ಹೊಲಕ್ಕೆ ಇಬ್ಬರು ಮಾಲೀಕರು — ಒಬ್ಬರು ಬೆಳೆ ಮಾರಾಟ, ಇನ್ನೊಬ್ಬರು ಕೃಷಿ ತೀರ್ಮಾನ — ಅದೇ 'ದ್ವಿಮುಖ ಆಡಳಿತ', 1858ರವರೆಗೆ. 'ಭಾರತದಲ್ಲಿನ ಬ್ರಿಟಿಷ್ ಸ್ವಾಧೀನ ಪ್ರದೇಶಗಳು' ಎಂಬ ಪದ, ಪರಿಷತ್ತು ಮೂವರಿಗೆ ಇಳಿಕೆ, ಬಾಂಬೆ-ಮದ್ರಾಸ್ ಕಲ್ಕತ್ತಾಗೆ ಇನ್ನಷ್ಟು ಅಧೀನ. (→ English: Pitt's India Act, Board of Control, double government · हिन्दी: पिट्स इंडिया एक्ट, नियंत्रण बोर्ड, दोहरी सरकार)

In exam EnglishThe Pitt's India Act of 1784, named after the Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger, gave the British government a lasting share in ruling India. It created a Board of Control of six commissioners, among them the Chancellor of the Exchequer and a Secretary of State, to supervise and direct the civil, military and revenue affairs of the Company's territories. The Court of Directors kept charge of commerce and the right to appoint Company officials. Because authority was now split between a body of the government and the board of a company, this arrangement is called the double government, and it lasted until 1858. The Act also referred to the Company's territories as 'British possessions in India', cut the Governor-General's council to three members, and tied the presidencies of Bombay and Madras more firmly to Calcutta in matters of war, diplomacy and revenue. From now on, the Crown had a definite and continuing hand in the government of India.

ನಂತರ ಎರಡು ಚಿಕ್ಕ ಕಾಯ್ದೆಗಳು. ಕಾರ್ನ್‌ವಾಲಿಸ್ ಭಾರತಕ್ಕೆ ಬರಲು ಒಪ್ಪಿದಾಗ ಹೇಸ್ಟಿಂಗ್ಸ್‌ಗೆ ಇರದ ಅಧಿಕಾರ ಕೇಳಿದರು: 1786ರ ಕಾಯ್ದೆಯಿಂದ ವಿಶೇಷ ಸಂದರ್ಭಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಪರಿಷತ್ತನ್ನು ಮೀರುವ ಅಧಿಕಾರ, ಪ್ರಧಾನ ಸೇನಾಪತಿ ಹುದ್ದೆಯೂ. ಮೊದಲ ಚಾರ್ಟರ್ ಕಾಯ್ದೆ (1793) ಕಂಪನಿಯ ಸನ್ನದನ್ನು, ವ್ಯಾಪಾರ ಹಕ್ಕುಗಳೊಂದಿಗೆ, ಇನ್ನೂ 20 ವರ್ಷ ವಿಸ್ತರಿಸಿತು; ಪರಿಷತ್ತನ್ನು ಮೀರುವ ಅಧಿಕಾರ ಮುಂದಿನ ಗವರ್ನರ್ ಜನರಲ್‌ಗಳಿಗೂ ಪ್ರೆಸಿಡೆನ್ಸಿ ಗವರ್ನರ್‌ಗಳಿಗೂ; ನಿಯಂತ್ರಣ ಮಂಡಳಿಯ ಸಂಬಳ ಭಾರತದ ಆದಾಯದಿಂದ. ಗುತ್ತಿಗೆ ಒಪ್ಪಂದ ಪ್ರತಿ 20 ವರ್ಷಕ್ಕೆ ನವೀಕರಿಸಿದರೆ ಪ್ರತಿ ಬಾರಿ ಮಾಲೀಕನಿಗೆ ಷರತ್ತು ಬದಲಿಸುವ ಅವಕಾಶ — ಸಂಸತ್ತಿಗೆ ಅದೇ ಲಾಭ. (→ English: Act of 1786, Charter Act 1793 · हिन्दी: 1786 का अधिनियम, चार्टर एक्ट 1793)

In exam EnglishTwo shorter Acts followed. When Lord Cornwallis agreed to go to India, he asked for powers that Hastings had lacked, and the Act of 1786 allowed the Governor-General to override his council in special cases affecting the safety or interests of the British possessions; it also let him hold the office of Commander-in-Chief. The first of the Charter Acts, in 1793, renewed the Company's charter, and with it its trading rights, for twenty more years. It extended the power to override the council to later Governors-General and to the Governors of the presidencies, and it laid down that the salaries and costs of the Board of Control would be paid out of Indian revenues. The habit of renewing the charter every twenty years mattered in itself: each renewal gave Parliament a regular chance to examine the Company's rule and to reshape it.

1813ರ ಹೊತ್ತಿಗೆ ಬ್ರಿಟನ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ಕಂಪನಿಯ ವ್ಯಾಪಾರ ಸವಲತ್ತುಗಳಿಗೆ ವಿರೋಧ. ಆಡಮ್ ಸ್ಮಿತ್‌ನ ಮುಕ್ತ ವ್ಯಾಪಾರ ಚಿಂತನೆ, ನೆಪೋಲಿಯನ್‌ನ ಕಾಂಟಿನೆಂಟಲ್ ಸಿಸ್ಟಮ್‌ನಿಂದ ಯುರೋಪ್ ಮಾರುಕಟ್ಟೆ ಮುಚ್ಚಿದ್ದು — ಬ್ರಿಟಿಷ್ ಉತ್ಪಾದಕರು ಭಾರತದಲ್ಲಿ ಮುಕ್ತವಾಗಿ ಮಾರಲು ಬಯಸಿದರು. 1813ರ ಚಾರ್ಟರ್ ಕಾಯ್ದೆ ಭಾರತದೊಂದಿಗಿನ ವ್ಯಾಪಾರ ಏಕಸ್ವಾಮ್ಯ ರದ್ದುಮಾಡಿತು — ಚಹಾ ವ್ಯಾಪಾರ, ಚೀನಾದೊಂದಿಗಿನ ವ್ಯಾಪಾರ ಮಾತ್ರ ಕಂಪನಿಗೆ. ಊರಲ್ಲಿ ಒಂದೇ ದಿನಸಿ ಅಂಗಡಿ ಇದ್ದದ್ದು, ಈಗ ಎಲ್ಲರಿಗೂ ಅಂಗಡಿ ಇಡುವ ಅನುಮತಿ ಸಿಕ್ಕಂತೆ. ರಾಜಮುಕುಟದ ಸಾರ್ವಭೌಮತ್ವ ಘೋಷಣೆ, ಮಿಷನರಿಗಳಿಗೆ ಅನುಮತಿ, ಶಿಕ್ಷಣಕ್ಕೆ ವರ್ಷಕ್ಕೆ ಕನಿಷ್ಠ ಒಂದು ಲಕ್ಷ ರೂಪಾಯಿ — ಶಿಕ್ಷಣದ ಖರ್ಚು ತನ್ನ ಕರ್ತವ್ಯ ಎಂದು ಕಂಪನಿ ಮೊದಲ ಬಾರಿ ಒಪ್ಪಿತು. (→ English: Charter Act 1813, monopoly · हिन्दी: चार्टर एक्ट 1813, एकाधिकार)

In exam EnglishBy 1813 opinion in Britain had turned against the Company's trading privileges. British manufacturers and merchants, drawn to the free-trade ideas of Adam Smith and shut out of European markets by Napoleon's Continental System, wanted to sell freely in India. The Charter Act of 1813 ended the Company's monopoly of trade with India, but kept its monopoly of the trade in tea and of trade with China. It asserted the sovereignty of the Crown over the Company's Indian territories while leaving the Company to administer them for another twenty years. After a campaign by evangelical groups in Britain, it allowed Christian missionaries to come to India and preach. It also set aside not less than one lakh of rupees every year for reviving literature, encouraging learned Indians and promoting knowledge of the sciences, the first time the Company accepted that spending on education was part of its duty.

1833ರ ಚಾರ್ಟರ್ ಕಾಯ್ದೆ ಕೇಂದ್ರೀಕರಣದ ಶಿಖರ. ಬಂಗಾಳದ ಗವರ್ನರ್ ಜನರಲ್ ಭಾರತದ ಗವರ್ನರ್ ಜನರಲ್ ಆದರು — ಎಲ್ಲ ನಾಗರಿಕ, ಸೈನಿಕ ವಿಷಯಗಳ ಮೇಲೆ ಅಧಿಕಾರ; ಮೊದಲಿಗರು ಲಾರ್ಡ್ ವಿಲಿಯಂ ಬೆಂಟಿಂಕ್. ಬಾಂಬೆ, ಮದ್ರಾಸ್ ಗವರ್ನರ್‌ಗಳು ಕಾನೂನು ಮಾಡುವ ಅಧಿಕಾರ ಕಳೆದುಕೊಂಡರು; ಇಡೀ ಬ್ರಿಟಿಷ್ ಭಾರತಕ್ಕೆ ಒಂದೇ ಶಾಸನ ಅಧಿಕಾರ. ಮೊದಲು 'ರೆಗ್ಯುಲೇಶನ್ಸ್', ಈಗ 'ಆಕ್ಟ್ಸ್'. ಪರಿಷತ್ತಿಗೆ ನಾಲ್ಕನೇ ಸದಸ್ಯ — ಕಾನೂನು ಸದಸ್ಯ, ಮೊದಲಿಗರು ಮೆಕಾಲೆ. ಕಾನೂನು ಆಯೋಗ — ಮೆಕಾಲೆ ನೇತೃತ್ವದ ಕರಡು 1860ರಲ್ಲಿ ಭಾರತೀಯ ದಂಡ ಸಂಹಿತೆ. ಮನೆಯ ಪ್ರತಿ ಕೋಣೆಗೂ ಬೇರೆ ನಿಯಮ ಇರದೆ ಒಬ್ಬನೇ ಯಜಮಾನ ನಿಯಮ ಬರೆದಂತೆ. (→ English: Governor-General of India, law member, Law Commission · हिन्दी: भारत का गवर्नर-जनरल, विधि सदस्य, विधि आयोग)

In exam EnglishThe Charter Act of 1833 was the high point of centralisation. The Governor-General of Bengal became the Governor-General of India, with authority over all civil and military affairs, and Lord William Bentinck was the first to hold the title. The Governors of Bombay and Madras lost their power to make laws, and the Governor-General in council became the single law-making authority for the whole of British India. Laws made under this Act were called Acts, whereas the earlier ones had been called Regulations. A fourth member, the law member, joined the council for legislative business, and Thomas Babington Macaulay was the first. The Act also provided for a Law Commission to codify Indian law; the commission under Macaulay drafted what became the Indian Penal Code, enacted in 1860. For the first time one government at Calcutta held legislative and administrative authority over all British territory in India.

ಅದೇ ಕಾಯ್ದೆ ಕಂಪನಿಯ ವ್ಯಾಪಾರಿ ಜೀವನ ಕೊನೆಗೊಳಿಸಿತು — ಚಹಾ, ಚೀನಾ ವ್ಯಾಪಾರದ ಏಕಸ್ವಾಮ್ಯಗಳೂ ರದ್ದು; ಇನ್ನು ರಾಜಮುಕುಟದ ಪರವಾಗಿ ಧರ್ಮದರ್ಶಿಯಂತೆ ಆಳುವ ಆಡಳಿತ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆ ಮಾತ್ರ. ಸೆಕ್ಷನ್ 87: ಧರ್ಮ, ಜನ್ಮಸ್ಥಳ, ವಂಶ, ಬಣ್ಣದ ಕಾರಣಕ್ಕೆ ಯಾವ ಭಾರತೀಯನನ್ನೂ ಕಂಪನಿ ಹುದ್ದೆಗೆ ಅನರ್ಹನನ್ನಾಗಿಸಬಾರದು — ಸಾರ್ವಜನಿಕ ಹುದ್ದೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಸಮಾನ ಅವಕಾಶದ ಮೊದಲ ಶಾಸನಬದ್ಧ ಭರವಸೆ; ಭಾರತೀಯ ನಾಯಕರು ದಶಕಗಳ ಕಾಲ ಇದನ್ನು ಉಲ್ಲೇಖಿಸಿದರು. ಆದರೆ ಆಚರಣೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಬದಲಾಗಲಿಲ್ಲ: 'ಎಲ್ಲರಿಗೂ ಪ್ರವೇಶ' ಎಂದು ದೇವಾಲಯಕ್ಕೆ ಫಲಕ ಹಾಕಿ ಗರ್ಭಗುಡಿಯ ಬೀಗ ತೆರೆಯದಂತೆ — ಸ್ಪರ್ಧಾ ಪರೀಕ್ಷೆಯ ಪ್ರಯತ್ನವನ್ನು ನಿರ್ದೇಶಕರು ತಡೆದರು, ಉನ್ನತ ಹುದ್ದೆಗಳು ಯುರೋಪಿಯನ್ನರಿಗೇ. ಗುಲಾಮಗಿರಿ ತಗ್ಗಿಸಲು ಆದೇಶ; 1843ರಲ್ಲಿ ರದ್ದು. (→ English: Section 87, Charter Act 1833 · हिन्दी: धारा 87, चार्टर एक्ट 1833)

In exam EnglishThe same Act ended the Company's life as a trader. Its remaining monopolies, of tea and of the China trade, were abolished, and it became a purely administrative body that held its Indian territories in trust for the Crown. Section 87 declared that no native of India should be disabled from holding any office under the Company because of religion, place of birth, descent or colour. This was the first statutory promise of equal access to public office, and Indian leaders quoted it for decades afterwards. In practice little changed: an attempt to introduce competition into the selection of civil servants came to nothing because the Court of Directors opposed it, and senior posts stayed with Europeans. The Act also directed the government to take steps to mitigate slavery, which was finally abolished in British India in 1843.

1853ರ ಚಾರ್ಟರ್ ಕಾಯ್ದೆ ಈ ಬಗೆಯ ಕೊನೆಯದು. ಮೊದಲ ಬಾರಿ ಗವರ್ನರ್ ಜನರಲ್ ಪರಿಷತ್ತಿನ ಶಾಸನ ಕೆಲಸ ಮತ್ತು ಕಾರ್ಯಾಂಗ ಕೆಲಸವನ್ನು ಬೇರ್ಪಡಿಸಿತು. ಕಾನೂನುಗಳಿಗಾಗಿ ಆರು ಹೊಸ 'ಶಾಸಕ ಪರಿಷತ್ ಸದಸ್ಯರು' — ಆ ದೊಡ್ಡ ಸಭೆಯೇ ಇಂಡಿಯನ್ (ಸೆಂಟ್ರಲ್) ಲೆಜಿಸ್ಲೇಟಿವ್ ಕೌನ್ಸಿಲ್, ಸಣ್ಣ ಸಂಸತ್ತಿನಂತೆ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡಿತು. ಅವರಲ್ಲಿ ನಾಲ್ವರು ಮದ್ರಾಸ್, ಬಾಂಬೆ, ಬಂಗಾಳ, ಆಗ್ರಾ ಸ್ಥಳೀಯ ಸರ್ಕಾರಗಳಿಂದ — ಕೇಂದ್ರ ಶಾಸನದಲ್ಲಿ ಮೊದಲ ಬಾರಿ ಸ್ಥಳೀಯ ಪ್ರಾತಿನಿಧ್ಯ. ಶಿಫಾರಸು ನೇಮಕ ಕೊನೆಗೊಂಡು ನಾಗರಿಕ ಸೇವೆಗೆ ಮುಕ್ತ ಸ್ಪರ್ಧೆ — 1854ರ ಮೆಕಾಲೆ ಸಮಿತಿ ಯೋಜನೆ; ಭಾರತೀಯರೂ ಬರೆಯಬಹುದು, ಆದರೆ ಪರೀಕ್ಷೆ ಲಂಡನ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ. ನಿರ್ದೇಶಕರು 24ರಿಂದ 18, ಆರು ಮಂದಿ ರಾಜಮುಕುಟದ ನಾಮನಿರ್ದೇಶಿತರು. ಅವಧಿಯಿಲ್ಲದ ಸನ್ನದು — ಮನೆ ಖಾಲಿ ಮಾಡಲು ಮಾಲೀಕ ಯಾವಾಗ ಬೇಕಾದರೂ ಹೇಳಬಹುದು. (→ English: Indian Legislative Council, open competition · हिन्दी: भारतीय विधान परिषद, खुली प्रतियोगिता)

In exam EnglishThe Charter Act of 1853 was the last of its kind. For the first time it separated the legislative and executive work of the Governor-General's council. Six new members, known as legislative councillors, were added for making laws, and the enlarged body, which came to be called the Indian (Central) Legislative Council, worked like a small parliament with its own rules and debates. Four of these new members were appointed by the local governments of Madras, Bombay, Bengal and Agra, bringing local representation into central law-making for the first time. The Act ended the directors' patronage over appointments and opened the covenanted civil service to open competition; a committee under Macaulay drew up the scheme in 1854, and Indians too could now sit the examination, although it was held in London. The number of directors was cut from 24 to 18, six of them nominated by the Crown. Unlike earlier charters, this one ran for no fixed term, so Parliament could end the Company's rule whenever it chose.
The Acts of the Company period at a glance
ActKey changes
Regulating Act 1773Governor-General of Bengal and council of four; Bombay and Madras subordinate; Supreme Court at Calcutta (1774); private trade and presents banned
Act of Settlement 1781Official acts of the Governor-General in council and revenue matters outside the Supreme Court; personal laws respected
Pitt's India Act 1784Board of Control and Court of Directors (double government); 'British possessions in India'; council of three
Act of 1786Governor-General may override council; also Commander-in-Chief (Cornwallis)
Charter Act 1793Charter renewed for 20 years; overriding power extended; Board of Control paid from Indian revenues
Charter Act 1813Trade monopoly with India ended except tea and China; missionaries allowed; Rs 1 lakh a year for education
Charter Act 1833Governor-General of India (Bentinck); all law-making centralised; laws called Acts; Company's trade ended; law member; section 87
Charter Act 1853Legislative and executive work separated; Legislative Council with local members; open competition for civil service; no fixed term

ಒಟ್ಟಾಗಿ ನೋಡಿದರೆ 1773–1853ರ ಕಾಯ್ದೆಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ನಾಲ್ಕು ಪ್ರವೃತ್ತಿಗಳು: (1) ಕಂಪನಿಯ ಮೇಲೆ ಸಂಸತ್ತಿನ ಹಿಡಿತ ಬಿಗಿಯಾಯಿತು — 1773 ತನಿಖೆ, 1784 ನಿಯಂತ್ರಣ ಮಂಡಳಿ, 1853 ಅವಧಿಯಿಲ್ಲದ ಸನ್ನದು. (2) ಅಧಿಕಾರ ಕೇಂದ್ರೀಕರಣ — ಬಂಗಾಳದ ಗವರ್ನರ್ ಜನರಲ್‌ನಿಂದ ಇಡೀ ಬ್ರಿಟಿಷ್ ಭಾರತಕ್ಕೆ ಕಾನೂನು ಮಾಡುವ ಭಾರತದ ಗವರ್ನರ್ ಜನರಲ್‌ವರೆಗೆ. (3) ವ್ಯಾಪಾರಿ ಸ್ವರೂಪ ಕುಗ್ಗಿ 1833ರ ನಂತರ ಪೂರ್ತಿ ನಿಂತಿತು. (4) ಶಾಸನ ರಚನೆ ಆಡಳಿತದಿಂದ ಬೇರ್ಪಟ್ಟು 1853ರ ಪರಿಷತ್ತು ಬಂತು. ಕೊನೆಯ ಚಾರ್ಟರ್ ಕಾಯ್ದೆಯ ನಂತರ ಕಂಪನಿ ಎರವಲು ಸಮಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಆಳುತ್ತಿತ್ತು; 1857ರ ನಂತರ 1858ರ ಕಾಯ್ದೆ ಭಾರತವನ್ನು ರಾಜಮುಕುಟಕ್ಕೆ ಒಪ್ಪಿಸಿತು. (→ English: Charter Act, centralisation · हिन्दी: चार्टर एक्ट, केंद्रीकरण)

In exam EnglishSeen together, the Acts from 1773 to 1853 show four steady trends. Parliament's grip on the Company tightened, from inquiry and regulation in 1773 to shared rule through the Board of Control in 1784 and an open-ended charter in 1853. Power was centralised, from a Governor-General of Bengal with loose control over the other presidencies to a Governor-General of India who alone made laws for all British India. The Company's commercial character shrank until, after 1833, it no longer traded at all. And law-making slowly separated from administration, producing in 1853 a legislative council that included members chosen by the local governments. The last Charter Act left the Company a ruler on borrowed time. After the Revolt of 1857, the Government of India Act 1858 took the final step and transferred India to the Crown, which is where Part 2 begins.

Exam traps

Recap

Practice questions

Q1. Who was the first Governor-General of India?

  1. Warren Hastings
  2. Lord Cornwallis
  3. Lord William Bentinck
  4. Lord Canning
Show answer

Answer: C. Lord William Bentinck

(c) is correct: the Charter Act of 1833 made the Governor-General of Bengal the Governor-General of India, and Bentinck was the first. (a) is wrong: Hastings was the first Governor-General of Bengal under the Regulating Act. (b) is wrong: Cornwallis was a Governor-General of Bengal, given wider powers by the Act of 1786. (d) is wrong: Canning became the first Viceroy in 1858.

Q2. Consider the following statements about the Regulating Act of 1773:
1. It provided for a Supreme Court at Calcutta.
2. It created the Board of Control to supervise the Company's political affairs.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

  1. 1 only
  2. 2 only
  3. Both 1 and 2
  4. Neither 1 nor 2
Show answer

Answer: A. 1 only

(a) is correct. Statement 1 is true: the Supreme Court began work at Calcutta in 1774. Statement 2 is false: the Board of Control was created by Pitt's India Act of 1784. So (b) and (c) are wrong because they accept statement 2, and (d) is wrong because statement 1 is true.

Q3. Which Act ended the East India Company's monopoly of trade with India but kept its monopoly of the tea trade and the trade with China?

  1. Charter Act of 1793
  2. Charter Act of 1813
  3. Charter Act of 1833
  4. Charter Act of 1853
Show answer

Answer: B. Charter Act of 1813

(b) is correct: the 1813 Act opened Indian trade to British merchants but kept tea and the China trade with the Company. (a) is wrong: the 1793 Act renewed the monopoly for twenty years. (c) is wrong: the 1833 Act ended even the tea and China monopolies. (d) is wrong: by 1853 the Company no longer traded.

Q4. Match List I with List II:
List I (Act) — List II (Provision)
A. Regulating Act 1773 — 1. Board of Control
B. Pitt's India Act 1784 — 2. Law member added to the council
C. Charter Act 1833 — 3. Open competition for the civil service
D. Charter Act 1853 — 4. Governor-General of Bengal
Select the correct answer using the code given below:

  1. A-4, B-1, C-2, D-3
  2. A-1, B-4, C-2, D-3
  3. A-4, B-1, C-3, D-2
  4. A-2, B-1, C-4, D-3
Show answer

Answer: A. A-4, B-1, C-2, D-3

(a) is correct: 1773 created the Governor-General of Bengal, 1784 the Board of Control, 1833 the law member and 1853 open competition. (b) swaps the 1773 and 1784 Acts. (c) swaps the 1833 and 1853 Acts. (d) wrongly links the law member to 1773 and the Governor-General of Bengal to 1833.

Q5. With reference to the Charter Act of 1833, consider the following statements:
1. The Governors of Bombay and Madras lost their power to make laws.
2. The East India Company's commercial activities were brought to an end.
3. The first open competitive examination for the civil service was held under it.
Which of the statements given above are correct?

  1. 1 and 2 only
  2. 2 and 3 only
  3. 1 and 3 only
  4. 1, 2 and 3
Show answer

Answer: A. 1 and 2 only

(a) is correct. Statements 1 and 2 are true. Statement 3 is false: the 1833 Act's attempt at competition came to nothing; open competition came with the Charter Act of 1853. So (b), (c) and (d) are wrong because each includes statement 3.

Q6. The legislative and executive functions of the Governor-General's council were separated for the first time by

  1. the Regulating Act of 1773
  2. Pitt's India Act of 1784
  3. the Charter Act of 1833
  4. the Charter Act of 1853
Show answer

Answer: D. the Charter Act of 1853

(d) is correct: the 1853 Act added six legislative councillors and created a separate law-making body. (a) is wrong: the 1773 Act set up a single council of four for all business. (b) is wrong: the 1784 Act reduced the council to three and created the Board of Control. (c) is wrong: the 1833 Act added a law member but did not separate the two functions.

Q7. Consider the following statements about the Act of Settlement of 1781:
1. It exempted the Governor-General and council from the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court for acts done in their official capacity.
2. It directed the Supreme Court to apply English law to Indians in all matters, including personal law.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

  1. 1 only
  2. 2 only
  3. Both 1 and 2
  4. Neither 1 nor 2
Show answer

Answer: A. 1 only

(a) is correct. Statement 1 is true. Statement 2 is false: the Act directed the court to respect Indian customs and to apply Hindu law to Hindus and Muslim law to Muslims in personal matters. So (b) and (c) are wrong because they accept statement 2, and (d) is wrong because statement 1 is true.

Q8. The Company's territories in India were described as 'British possessions in India' for the first time in

  1. the Regulating Act of 1773
  2. Pitt's India Act of 1784
  3. the Charter Act of 1813
  4. the Charter Act of 1833
Show answer

Answer: B. Pitt's India Act of 1784

(b) is correct: Pitt's India Act of 1784 used the term while setting up the Board of Control. (a) is wrong: the 1773 Act regulated the Company's government but did not use this description. (c) is wrong: the 1813 Act asserted the Crown's sovereignty, which is a different provision. (d) is wrong: the 1833 Act came much later and made the Company a purely administrative body.

All partsNext: Part 2 →

Study this in the Upscore app to keep notes, save it for revision, track your practice scores and follow a plan to the exam date. It's free.

Study this in the app →

Sources