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Water, air and pipeline transport

ಕನ್ನಡದಲ್ಲಿ ವಿವರಣೆ

Industry and transport in India · Part 4 / 4 · Fact-checked on · how we check

Written with AI from the sources listed at the bottom of this page, then fact-checked by a separate AI.

Major and non-major ports and where they sit in the Constitution, the major ports of each coast, the Major Port Authorities Act (2021), Sagarmala and Vadhavan; inland waterways, IWAI (1986), the National Waterways Act (2016) and NW-1, 2 and 3; air transport, the Airports Authority of India (1995) and UDAN (2016); oil and gas pipelines; and how transport shapes regional development, with PM Gati Shakti.

Each idea is explained first in Kannada (ಕನ್ನಡ), ending with the English and Hindi exam terms, followed by the same point in exam English. UPSC Prelims is in English or Hindi, so understand it in Kannada and revise it in English.

ನಮ್ಮ ಮನೆಗೆ ಬರುವ ಅಡುಗೆ ಅನಿಲ, ಬಂಕಿನ ಪೆಟ್ರೋಲ್, ವಿದೇಶದಿಂದ ಬರುವ ವಸ್ತುಗಳು ಹೇಗೆ ಬರುತ್ತವೆ ಎಂದು ಯೋಚಿಸಿ. ರಸ್ತೆ, ರೈಲು ಬಿಟ್ಟು ಇನ್ನೂ ನಾಲ್ಕು ದಾರಿಗಳಿವೆ: ಸಮುದ್ರ ಬಂದರುಗಳು, ಒಳನಾಡು ಜಲಮಾರ್ಗಗಳು, ವಿಮಾನಗಳು, ಪೈಪ್‌ಲೈನ್‌ಗಳು. ಹಡಗುಗಳು ಭಾರದ ಸರಕನ್ನು ಅತ್ಯಂತ ಅಗ್ಗವಾಗಿ ದೂರ ಒಯ್ಯುತ್ತವೆ; ಅದಕ್ಕೇ ನಮ್ಮ ವಿದೇಶಿ ವ್ಯಾಪಾರದ ಬಹುಪಾಲು ಬಂದರುಗಳ ಮೂಲಕ. ವಿಮಾನ ವೇಗ, ಆದರೆ ದುಬಾರಿ; ಪೈಪ್‌ಲೈನ್ ಮೌನವಾಗಿ ತೈಲ, ಅನಿಲ ಸಾಗಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. (→ English: water transport; air transport; pipeline · हिन्दी: जल परिवहन; वायु परिवहन; पाइपलाइन)

In exam EnglishParts 1 to 3 followed goods from mines and farms into factories and then along roads and railways. This last part takes up the other modes: sea ports, inland waterways, air transport and pipelines. Each has its own strength. Ships move very large loads over long distances more cheaply than anything else, so most of India's foreign trade by volume passes through its ports. Rivers and canals can do similar work inland at low fuel cost where the water is deep enough. Aircraft are fast but costly, so they carry people and light, valuable cargo. Pipelines push oil and gas across hundreds of kilometres without a truck or a train. The part ends by asking how these modes together decide where development happens.

ಕಾನೂನು ಬಂದರುಗಳನ್ನು ಎರಡು ಗುಂಪುಗಳಾಗಿ ನೋಡುತ್ತದೆ. ಸಂಸತ್ತಿನ ಕಾನೂನಿನಿಂದ ಘೋಷಿಸಿದವು ಪ್ರಮುಖ ಬಂದರು; ಅವು ಕೇಂದ್ರ ಪಟ್ಟಿಯ 27ನೇ ನಮೂದು. ಉಳಿದವು ಸಮವರ್ತಿ ಪಟ್ಟಿಯ 31ನೇ ನಮೂದು; ಕರಾವಳಿ ರಾಜ್ಯಗಳು ತಮ್ಮ ಕಡಲ ಮಂಡಳಿಗಳ ಮೂಲಕ ಅವನ್ನು ನೋಡಿಕೊಳ್ಳುತ್ತವೆ. 'ಪ್ರಮುಖ' ಎಂಬುದು ಕಾನೂನಿನ ಹೆಸರು ಮಾತ್ರ, ಗಾತ್ರವಲ್ಲ: ಗುಜರಾತಿನ ಮುಂದ್ರಾ ಖಾಸಗಿ ಬಂದರಾದರೂ ಬಹುತೇಕ ಪ್ರಮುಖ ಬಂದರುಗಳಿಗಿಂತ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಸರಕು ನಿರ್ವಹಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ಪ್ರಮುಖ ಬಂದರುಗಳು ಹನ್ನೆರಡು; 2021ರ ಕಾಯ್ದೆ 1963ರ ಕಾಯ್ದೆಯ ಜಾಗಕ್ಕೆ ಬಂದು ಅವುಗಳಿಗೆ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಸ್ವಾತಂತ್ರ್ಯ ನೀಡಿತು. (→ English: major port; Union List; Concurrent List · हिन्दी: महापत्तन; संघ सूची; समवर्ती सूची)

In exam EnglishIndia's ports fall into two legal groups. major ports are declared by or under a law of Parliament and come under entry 27 of the Union List; all other ports, called non-major or minor ports, fall under entry 31 of the Concurrent List and are in practice developed and licensed by the coastal states through their maritime boards. 'Major' is a legal label, not a measure of size: Mundra in Gujarat, a privately run non-major port, handles more cargo than most major ones. The Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways counts twelve major ports. Most are governed by boards under the Major Port Authorities Act, 2021, which replaced the Major Port Trusts Act, 1963 and gave each port authority more freedom to fix tariffs and take decisions. Non-major ports have grown quickly since the 1990s, and Gujarat handles the largest share of their traffic.

ಪಶ್ಚಿಮ ಕರಾವಳಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಉತ್ತರದಿಂದ ದಕ್ಷಿಣಕ್ಕೆ: ಕಾಂಡ್ಲಾ (ದೀನ್‌ದಯಾಳ್), ಮುಂಬೈ, ಜವಾಹರಲಾಲ್ ನೆಹರು, ಮರ್ಮಗೋವಾ, ನವ ಮಂಗಳೂರು, ಕೊಚ್ಚಿ. ವಿಭಜನೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಕರಾಚಿ ಪಾಕಿಸ್ತಾನಕ್ಕೆ ಹೋದದ್ದರಿಂದ ಕಾಂಡ್ಲಾ ಕಟ್ಟಲಾಯಿತು. ಮುಂಬೈ ಬಂದರಿನ ಒತ್ತಡ ಇಳಿಸಲು 1989ರಲ್ಲಿ ಎದುರು ದಡದಲ್ಲಿ ಜವಾಹರಲಾಲ್ ನೆಹರು ಬಂದರು ಬಂತು; ಈಗ ಕಂಟೇನರ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ಅದೇ ಮುಂದು. ನಮ್ಮ ನವ ಮಂಗಳೂರು ಬಂದರು ಒಮ್ಮೆ ಕುದುರೆಮುಖದ ಅದಿರನ್ನು ಕಳಿಸುತ್ತಿತ್ತು. ಕೊಚ್ಚಿ ಹಿನ್ನೀರಿನ ಬಾಯಲ್ಲಿರುವ ಶಾಂತ ಬಂದರು. (→ English: major port; west coast · हिन्दी: महापत्तन; पश्चिमी तट)

In exam EnglishOn the west coast, from north to south, the major ports are Deendayal (Kandla), Mumbai, Jawaharlal Nehru (Nhava Sheva), Mormugao, New Mangalore and Cochin. Kandla, a tidal port on the Gulf of Kachchh, was developed after Partition because Karachi, the main port of the north-west, went to Pakistan; it was renamed Deendayal Port in 2017. Mumbai's deep natural harbour helped make the city India's commercial capital, and the Jawaharlal Nehru Port across the harbour, opened in 1989 to relieve it, is now the leading container port among the major ports. Mormugao in Goa grew on iron ore exports, and New Mangalore once shipped the ore of Kudremukh. Cochin lies at the mouth of a backwater lagoon that gives it a sheltered harbour. Among non-major ports, Mundra and Hazira in Gujarat and the deep-water Vizhinjam port near Thiruvananthapuram, commissioned in 2025, stand out.

ಪೂರ್ವ ಕರಾವಳಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಉತ್ತರದಿಂದ ದಕ್ಷಿಣಕ್ಕೆ: ಕೋಲ್ಕತ್ತಾ-ಹಲ್ದಿಯಾ, ಪಾರಾದೀಪ್, ವಿಶಾಖಪಟ್ಟಣ, ಕಾಮರಾಜರ್ (ಎನ್ನೋರ್), ಚೆನ್ನೈ, ತೂತ್ತುಕುಡಿ. ಕೋಲ್ಕತ್ತಾ ಸಮುದ್ರದ ಮೇಲಲ್ಲ, ಹೂಗ್ಲಿ ನದಿಯ ಒಳಗಿನ ಬಂದರು; ನದಿ ಹೂಳು ತರುವುದರಿಂದ ಸದಾ ಹೂಳೆತ್ತಬೇಕು, ಅದಕ್ಕೇ ದೊಡ್ಡ ಹಡಗುಗಳಿಗೆ ಕೆಳಗೆ ಹಲ್ದಿಯಾ. ಪಾರಾದೀಪ್ ಒಡಿಶಾದ ಖನಿಜಗಳಿಗಾಗಿ. ವಿಶಾಖಪಟ್ಟಣವನ್ನು ಒಂದು ಬಂಡೆಯ ಭೂಶಿರ ಕಾಪಾಡುತ್ತದೆ. ಚೆನ್ನೈ ಬಂದರು ಮಾನವನಿರ್ಮಿತ; ಅದರ ಒತ್ತಡ ಇಳಿಸಲು ಕಲ್ಲಿದ್ದಲಿಗಾಗಿ ಎನ್ನೋರ್. (→ English: major port; east coast · हिन्दी: महापत्तन; पूर्वी तट)

In exam EnglishOn the east coast, from north to south, the major ports are Kolkata with its downstream dock system at Haldia, Paradip, Visakhapatnam, Kamarajar (Ennore), Chennai and V.O. Chidambaranar (Thoothukudi). Kolkata is a river port on the Hugli, well inland from the sea, and its channel needs constant dredging because the river drops silt; Haldia was built nearer the river mouth to take bigger ships. The Kolkata port was renamed after Syama Prasad Mookerjee in 2020. Paradip in Odisha handles iron ore, coal and petroleum for the mineral belt behind it. Visakhapatnam has a harbour sheltered by a rocky headland and serves the steel plant and ore traffic of the region. Chennai, one of the oldest ports, has an artificial harbour; Kamarajar Port at Ennore, just north of it, was built mainly for coal and to ease Chennai's load. Thoothukudi in the far south serves southern Tamil Nadu.
The twelve major ports, west coast then east coast, north to south
PortStateCoastKnown for
Deendayal (Kandla)GujaratWestTidal port on the Gulf of Kachchh, built after Partition
MumbaiMaharashtraWestDeep natural harbour
Jawaharlal Nehru (Nhava Sheva)MaharashtraWestOpened 1989; leading container port among major ports
MormugaoGoaWestIron ore exports
New MangaloreKarnatakaWestOnce shipped Kudremukh iron ore
CochinKeralaWestSheltered harbour at a backwater mouth
Syama Prasad Mookerjee (Kolkata–Haldia)West BengalEastRiver port on the Hugli; needs dredging
ParadipOdishaEastIron ore, coal and petroleum
VisakhapatnamAndhra PradeshEastHarbour sheltered by a headland; ore and steel
Kamarajar (Ennore)Tamil NaduEastBuilt mainly for coal, to ease Chennai
ChennaiTamil NaduEastOne of the oldest; artificial harbour
V.O. Chidambaranar (Thoothukudi)Tamil NaduEastServes southern Tamil Nadu

ಬಂದರು ಒಂದೇ ಇದ್ದರೆ ಸಾಲದು; ಅದರ ಹಿಂದೆ ರಸ್ತೆ, ರೈಲು, ಕಾರ್ಖಾನೆಗಳು ಬೇಕು. ದೊಡ್ಡ ಸಂತೆಗೆ ದಾರಿಯೇ ಇಲ್ಲದಿದ್ದರೆ ಯಾರೂ ಬರುವುದಿಲ್ಲ ಅಲ್ಲವೇ. 2015ರಲ್ಲಿ ಅನುಮೋದನೆಗೊಂಡ ಸಾಗರಮಾಲಾ ಇದೇ ಆಲೋಚನೆ: ಬಂದರುಗಳ ಆಧುನೀಕರಣ, ಒಳನಾಡಿಗೆ ಸಂಪರ್ಕ, ಬಂದರಿನ ಬಳಿ ಕೈಗಾರಿಕೆ, ಕರಾವಳಿ ಸಮುದಾಯಗಳ ಅಭಿವೃದ್ಧಿ. ಕಲ್ಲಿದ್ದಲಿನಂಥ ಸರಕನ್ನು ರಸ್ತೆಯ ಬದಲು ಕರಾವಳಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಹಡಗಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಕಳಿಸಿದರೆ ಖರ್ಚು ಕಡಿಮೆ. ಹೊಸ ಪ್ರಮುಖ ಬಂದರು ಮಹಾರಾಷ್ಟ್ರದ ಪಾಲ್ಘರ್‌ನ ವಾಢವಣ್, ಜೂನ್ 2024ರಲ್ಲಿ ಅನುಮೋದನೆ. (→ English: Sagarmala; Vadhavan · हिन्दी: सागरमाला; वाढवण)

In exam EnglishA port works only as well as the roads, railways and industries behind it. The Sagarmala programme, approved by the Union Cabinet in 2015, is built on this port-led view of development. Its main pillars are modernising ports, connecting them to the hinterland by road, rail, pipeline and waterway, setting up industry close to ports, and developing coastal communities, with coastal shipping and inland waterways promoted alongside. One aim is to cut logistics costs by moving more bulk cargo such as coal by sea along the coast rather than by long road or rail hauls. The newest major port under construction is Vadhavan in Palghar district of Maharashtra, approved by the Union Cabinet in June 2024. It is being built by a company formed by the Jawaharlal Nehru Port Authority and the Maharashtra Maritime Board, as a deep-draft port able to receive the largest container ships.

ನದಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ದೋಣಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಸರಕು ಕಳಿಸುವುದು ಬಹಳ ಹಳೆಯ ದಾರಿ; ಟನ್ನಿಗೆ ಇಂಧನ ಕಡಿಮೆ, ಮಾಲಿನ್ಯ ಕಡಿಮೆ, ರಸ್ತೆ ದಟ್ಟಣೆ ಕಡಿಮೆ. ಆದರೆ ವರ್ಷವಿಡೀ ನೀರು ಆಳವಾಗಿರಬೇಕು; ಬೇಸಿಗೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ನದಿ ಸಣ್ಣದಾದರೆ, ಹೂಳು ತುಂಬಿದರೆ, ಸೇತುವೆಗಳು ತಗ್ಗಾಗಿದ್ದರೆ ದೋಣಿ ಹೋಗದು. ಸಂಸತ್ತು ಒಂದು ನದಿಯನ್ನು ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಜಲಮಾರ್ಗ ಎಂದು ಘೋಷಿಸಿದರೆ ಕೇಂದ್ರ ಅದನ್ನು ನೋಡಿಕೊಳ್ಳುತ್ತದೆ. 1986ರಲ್ಲಿ ಬಂದ ಸಂಸ್ಥೆ (IWAI) ಇವುಗಳ ನಿರ್ವಹಣೆ ಮಾಡುತ್ತದೆ. 2016ರ ಕಾಯ್ದೆಯಿಂದ 5ರಿಂದ ಒಮ್ಮೆಲೇ 111 ಆದವು. (→ English: national waterway · हिन्दी: राष्ट्रीय जलमार्ग)

In exam EnglishInland water transport moves goods along rivers, canals, backwaters and creeks. It uses little fuel per tonne, pollutes less and keeps heavy loads off crowded roads, but it works only where the channel stays deep and wide enough through the year; silting, low winter flow, bridges with low clearance and too few terminals have held it back. Under entry 24 of the Union List, Parliament can declare a waterway to be a national waterway, after which the Union regulates navigation by mechanically propelled vessels on it. The Inland Waterways Authority of India, set up in 1986 under an Act of 1985, develops and maintains these routes. For a long time only five national waterways existed. The National Waterways Act, 2016 changed the scale: it declared 106 new ones, taking the total to 111, though only some of them carry regular cargo so far.

ಮೂರು ಮುಖ್ಯ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಜಲಮಾರ್ಗಗಳು: ಮೊದಲನೆಯದು (NW-1) ಗಂಗಾ, ಪ್ರಯಾಗ್‌ರಾಜ್‌ನಿಂದ ಹಲ್ದಿಯಾವರೆಗೆ, ಅತಿ ಉದ್ದ; ವಾರಾಣಸಿಯಲ್ಲಿ 2018ರಲ್ಲಿ ದೊಡ್ಡ ಟರ್ಮಿನಲ್. ಎರಡನೆಯದು (NW-2) ಬ್ರಹ್ಮಪುತ್ರಾ, ಧುಬ್ರಿಯಿಂದ ಸದಿಯಾ. ಮೂರನೆಯದು (NW-3) ಕೇರಳದ ಪಶ್ಚಿಮ ಕರಾವಳಿ ಕಾಲುವೆ, ಕೊಟ್ಟಪುರಂನಿಂದ ಕೊಲ್ಲಂ. ಒಂದು ಗಂಗಾ, ಎರಡು ಬ್ರಹ್ಮಪುತ್ರಾ, ಮೂರು ಕೇರಳದ ಹಿನ್ನೀರು ಎಂದು ನೆನಪಿಡಬಹುದು. ಬಾಂಗ್ಲಾದೇಶದ ಮೂಲಕ ಈ ಎರಡು ನದಿಗಳು ಸೇರುತ್ತವೆ; 2023ರಲ್ಲಿ ಗಂಗಾ ವಿಲಾಸ್ ಹಡಗು ಆ ದಾರಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ವಾರಾಣಸಿಯಿಂದ ದಿಬ್ರುಗಢಕ್ಕೆ ಹೋಯಿತು. (→ English: national waterway; NW-1 · हिन्दी: राष्ट्रीय जलमार्ग; NW-1)

In exam EnglishThree national waterways matter most for the exam. NW-1 follows the Ganga–Bhagirathi–Hugli system from Prayagraj to Haldia, about 1,620 km, and is the longest. The World Bank-supported Jal Marg Vikas Project is improving navigation on it and has built multimodal terminals, the first at Varanasi in 2018, with others at Sahibganj and Haldia. NW-2 is the Brahmaputra from Dhubri on the Bangladesh border to Sadiya, about 891 km. NW-3 is the West Coast Canal in Kerala from Kottapuram to Kollam, with the Champakara and Udyogamandal canals, about 205 km. The rivers also cross borders: under an India–Bangladesh protocol, vessels move between the Hugli and the Brahmaputra through Bangladesh, the route the cruise ship MV Ganga Vilas took from Varanasi to Dibrugarh in early 2023.
The first three national waterways
WaterwayRiver or canalStretchLength (about)
NW-1Ganga–Bhagirathi–HugliPrayagraj–Haldia1,620 km (longest)
NW-2BrahmaputraDhubri–Sadiya891 km
NW-3West Coast Canal with Champakara and Udyogamandal canalsKottapuram–Kollam (Kerala)205 km

ವಿಮಾನ ಎಲ್ಲಕ್ಕಿಂತ ವೇಗ; ಗುಡ್ಡಗಾಡು, ದೂರದ ದ್ವೀಪಗಳಿಗೆ ಕೆಲವೊಮ್ಮೆ ಅದೇ ದಾರಿ. ಆದರೆ ದುಬಾರಿ, ಅದಕ್ಕೇ ಔಷಧಿ, ಎಲೆಕ್ಟ್ರಾನಿಕ್ಸ್, ಬೇಗ ಕೆಡುವ ಹೂವು-ಹಣ್ಣುಗಳಂಥ ಬೆಲೆಬಾಳುವ ಸರಕೇ ಹೋಗುತ್ತದೆ. ವಿಮಾನಯಾನ ಸಂಪೂರ್ಣ ಕೇಂದ್ರದ ವಿಷಯ (ಕೇಂದ್ರ ಪಟ್ಟಿ 29). 1995ರಲ್ಲಿ ಎರಡು ಸಂಸ್ಥೆಗಳು ಸೇರಿ ಭಾರತೀಯ ವಿಮಾನ ನಿಲ್ದಾಣ ಪ್ರಾಧಿಕಾರ (AAI) ಆಯಿತು. ದೆಹಲಿ, ಮುಂಬೈಯಂಥ ದೊಡ್ಡ ವಿಮಾನ ನಿಲ್ದಾಣಗಳನ್ನು ಸಾರ್ವಜನಿಕ-ಖಾಸಗಿ ಸಹಭಾಗಿತ್ವದ ಮೂಲಕ ಖಾಸಗಿಯವರಿಗೆ ಕೊಡಲಾಯಿತು. ಏರ್ ಇಂಡಿಯಾ 2022ರಲ್ಲಿ ಟಾಟಾ ಕೈ ಸೇರಿತು. (→ English: public-private partnership · हिन्दी: सार्वजनिक-निजी भागीदारी)

In exam EnglishAir transport is the fastest mode and sometimes the only practical one for remote places, but it is costly and carries little freight, mostly high-value goods such as medicines, electronics and perishables. Airways are entry 29 of the Union List, so civil aviation is wholly a Union subject, run by the Ministry of Civil Aviation with the Directorate General of Civil Aviation as safety regulator. The Airports Authority of India, formed on 1 April 1995 by merging the International Airports Authority and the National Airports Authority, manages most airports and provides air navigation services. Since the mid-2000s big airports, starting with Delhi and Mumbai, have been handed to private operators through public-private partnerships. Air India, nationalised in 1953, was sold to the Tata group in 2022.

ಹಿಂದೆ ವಿಮಾನಗಳು ದೊಡ್ಡ ನಗರಗಳ ನಡುವೆ ಮಾತ್ರ ಹಾರುತ್ತಿದ್ದವು; ಸಣ್ಣ ವಿಮಾನ ನಿಲ್ದಾಣಗಳು ಖಾಲಿ ಬಿದ್ದಿದ್ದವು. 2016 ಅಕ್ಟೋಬರ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ 'ಉಡಾನ್' (ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯ ನಾಗರಿಕನೂ ಹಾರಲಿ) ಯೋಜನೆ ಬಂತು. ಒಂದು ಸಣ್ಣ ಪಟ್ಟಣಕ್ಕೆ ವಿಮಾನ ಓಡಿಸುವ ಕಂಪನಿ ಕೆಲವು ಸೀಟುಗಳಿಗೆ ಕಡಿಮೆ ದರ ಇಡುತ್ತದೆ; ಅದರ ನಷ್ಟವನ್ನು ಕೇಂದ್ರ, ರಾಜ್ಯ, ವಿಮಾನ ನಿಲ್ದಾಣ ಸೇರಿ ತುಂಬುತ್ತವೆ. ಮೊದಲ ಉಡಾನ್ ವಿಮಾನ 2017 ಏಪ್ರಿಲ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ಶಿಮ್ಲಾ-ದೆಹಲಿ. ನಂತರ ಹೆಲಿಕಾಪ್ಟರ್, ಸೀಪ್ಲೇನ್ ಸೇರಿದವು. (→ English: UDAN; Regional Connectivity Scheme · हिन्दी: उड़ान; क्षेत्रीय संपर्क योजना)

In exam EnglishFlights long clustered on routes between big cities, while many small airports lay idle. UDAN, short for Ude Desh ka Aam Nagrik ('let the ordinary citizen of the country fly'), was launched in October 2016 as the Regional Connectivity Scheme under the National Civil Aviation Policy of that year. Airlines bid for routes to unserved and underserved airports; on each route won, they cap fares on a share of the seats, and the Union, the states and airport operators support them with viability gap funding and concessions. The first UDAN flight, between Shimla and Delhi, took off in April 2017. Later rounds added helicopter and seaplane routes and focused on the north-east, the hill states and the islands, where air links open up places that roads and railways reach only slowly.

ಪೈಪ್‌ಲೈನ್ ಅಂದರೆ ಊರಿನ ಕುಡಿಯುವ ನೀರಿನ ಕೊಳವೆಯಂತೆಯೇ, ಆದರೆ ನೀರಿನ ಬದಲು ಕಚ್ಚಾ ತೈಲ, ಪೆಟ್ರೋಲ್, ಅನಿಲ ಹರಿಯುತ್ತದೆ. ಹಾಕಲು ಖರ್ಚು ಹೆಚ್ಚು, ಒಂದೇ ದಾರಿ; ಆದರೆ ಹಾಕಿದ ಮೇಲೆ ಹಗಲು ರಾತ್ರಿ ಕಡಿಮೆ ಖರ್ಚಿನಲ್ಲಿ ನಡೆಯುತ್ತದೆ, ಮಳೆ ಅಥವಾ ದಟ್ಟಣೆ ತಡೆಯುವುದಿಲ್ಲ, ರಸ್ತೆ-ರೈಲಿನ ಭಾರ ಕಡಿಮೆ. ಮೊದಲ ಉದ್ದದ ತೈಲ ಕೊಳವೆ 1960ರ ದಶಕದಲ್ಲಿ ಅಸ್ಸಾಂನ ನಹರ್‌ಕಟಿಯಾದಿಂದ ಗುವಾಹಟಿ, ಬರೌನಿವರೆಗೆ. 2019ರಲ್ಲಿ ನೇಪಾಳಕ್ಕೆ ಹೋಗುವ ಮೋತಿಹಾರಿ-ಅಮ್ಲೇಖ್‌ಗಂಜ್ ಕೊಳವೆ ದಕ್ಷಿಣ ಏಷ್ಯಾದ ಮೊದಲ ಗಡಿದಾಟುವ ಕೊಳವೆಯಾಯಿತು. (→ English: pipeline · हिन्दी: पाइपलाइन)

In exam EnglishPipelines carry crude oil from oilfields and ports to refineries, petroleum products from refineries to markets, and natural gas to power plants, fertiliser factories and city gas networks. They cost a lot to build and serve only their fixed route, but once laid they run day and night at low cost, are not stopped by weather or traffic, and free road and rail capacity. India's first long crude line, built by Oil India in the 1960s, ran from the Naharkatiya field in Assam to the refineries at Nunmati (Guwahati) and Barauni in Bihar. The Salaya–Mathura line takes imported crude inland from the Gujarat coast, and GAIL's Hazira–Vijaipur–Jagdishpur pipeline fed gas-based fertiliser plants. The regulator is the Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board, set up under an Act of 2006. In 2019 the Motihari–Amlekhganj line to Nepal became South Asia's first cross-border petroleum products pipeline.

ರಸ್ತೆ ಬಂದ ಊರು ಬೇಗ ಬೆಳೆಯುತ್ತದೆ, ಬಾರದ ಊರು ಹಿಂದುಳಿಯುತ್ತದೆ ಅಲ್ಲವೇ. ಬ್ರಿಟಿಷರ ಕಾಲದಲ್ಲಿ ಬಂದರುಗಳಿಂದ ಮುಂಬೈ, ಕೋಲ್ಕತ್ತಾ, ಚೆನ್ನೈ ಬೆಳೆದವು. ಇಂದಿಗೂ ಬಯಲು ಮತ್ತು ಕರಾವಳಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ದಾರಿಗಳು ದಟ್ಟ, ಹಿಮಾಲಯ ಮತ್ತು ಈಶಾನ್ಯದಲ್ಲಿ ವಿರಳ. ಪ್ರತಿಯೊಂದು ಸಾರಿಗೆಯನ್ನು ಬೇರೆ ಸಚಿವಾಲಯ ನೋಡುತ್ತದೆ, ಅದಕ್ಕೇ ಹಡಗಿನಿಂದ ಇಳಿದ ಕಂಟೇನರ್ ರೈಲಿಗಾಗಿ ಕಾಯಬೇಕಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. 2021ರ ಪಿಎಂ ಗತಿ ಶಕ್ತಿ ಎಲ್ಲ ಯೋಜನೆಗಳನ್ನು ಒಂದೇ ಡಿಜಿಟಲ್ ನಕ್ಷೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಇಡುತ್ತದೆ; 2022ರ ಲಾಜಿಸ್ಟಿಕ್ಸ್ ನೀತಿ ಬಹುಮಾದರಿ ಸಾರಿಗೆ ಮೂಲಕ ಖರ್ಚು ಇಳಿಸಲು ಯತ್ನಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. (→ English: multimodal transport · हिन्दी: बहुविध परिवहन)

In exam EnglishTransport also decides which places can grow. In colonial times ports drew industry to Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai, and railways tied the interior to them. The pattern is still uneven: the plains and coasts have dense networks, while the Himalaya, the north-east and parts of central India have thin ones, which raises costs and keeps people farther from markets, schools and hospitals. Each mode is planned by a different ministry, so a container may leave a ship only to wait for a train or a truck. PM Gati Shakti, the National Master Plan launched in October 2021, puts the projects of many ministries on one digital map so that roads, railways, ports, waterways, airports, pipelines and economic zones are planned together. The National Logistics Policy of September 2022 followed, aiming to lower the cost of moving goods through multimodal transport.

ಈ ಅಧ್ಯಾಯವೆಲ್ಲ ಒಂದು ಸರಪಳಿಯಂತೆ: ಕಚ್ಚಾ ವಸ್ತು, ವಿದ್ಯುತ್, ಮಾರುಕಟ್ಟೆ ಕಾರ್ಖಾನೆ ಎಲ್ಲಿರಬೇಕು ಎಂದು ನಿರ್ಧರಿಸುತ್ತವೆ; ಕಾರ್ಖಾನೆಗಳು ಗುಂಪಾಗಿ ಕೈಗಾರಿಕಾ ಪ್ರದೇಶಗಳು, ಕಾರಿಡಾರ್‌ಗಳಾಗುತ್ತವೆ; ರಸ್ತೆ-ರೈಲು ನೆಲದ ಮೇಲೆ ಸರಕು ಸಾಗಿಸುತ್ತವೆ; ಬಂದರು, ಜಲಮಾರ್ಗ, ವಿಮಾನ, ಪೈಪ್‌ಲೈನ್ ಎಲ್ಲವನ್ನೂ ಸಮುದ್ರ, ದೂರದ ಮಾರುಕಟ್ಟೆ, ಇಂಧನಕ್ಕೆ ಜೋಡಿಸುತ್ತವೆ. ಪ್ರಮುಖ ಬಂದರು, ಜಲಮಾರ್ಗ, ವಿಮಾನಯಾನ ಕೇಂದ್ರದ ಕೈಯಲ್ಲಿ; ಉಳಿದ ಬಂದರುಗಳು ಇಬ್ಬರಿಗೂ ಸಮಾನ. (→ English: transport network · हिन्दी: परिवहन जाल)

In exam EnglishThe four parts of this chapter form one chain. Raw materials, power and markets decide where factories stand; clusters of factories grow into industrial regions and planned corridors; roads and railways carry goods across the land; and ports, waterways, airways and pipelines link it all to the sea, to distant markets and to energy. The legal pairs are worth holding firmly: major ports, national waterways and airways are in the Union List, while other ports are in the Concurrent List. So are the order of ports along each coast, the stretches of NW-1, NW-2 and NW-3, and the years of the main bodies and schemes: IWAI 1986, AAI 1995, Sagarmala 2015, the National Waterways Act and UDAN 2016, and Gati Shakti 2021.

Exam traps

Recap

Practice questions

Q1. Under the Seventh Schedule of the Constitution of India, ports other than major ports fall in which of the following?

  1. Union List
  2. State List
  3. Concurrent List
  4. They are not mentioned in any List
Show answer

Answer: C. Concurrent List

Ports other than major ports are entry 31 of the Concurrent List. The Union List (entry 27) holds only major ports; the State List has no entry for ports; and so the claim that they appear in no List is wrong.

Q2. Consider the following statements:
1. The Major Port Authorities Act, 2021 replaced the Major Port Trusts Act, 1963.
2. A port is classed as 'major' because it handles more cargo than any non-major port.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

  1. 1 only
  2. 2 only
  3. Both 1 and 2
  4. Neither 1 nor 2
Show answer

Answer: A. 1 only

Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is wrong: 'major' is a legal status given by a law of Parliament, and the non-major port of Mundra handles more cargo than most major ports. So '2 only', 'both' and 'neither' are wrong.

Q3. Match the major port with its present name:
A. Kandla — 1. Syama Prasad Mookerjee Port
B. Kolkata — 2. V.O. Chidambaranar Port
C. Thoothukudi — 3. Deendayal Port
D. Ennore — 4. Kamarajar Port
Select the correct code:

  1. A-3, B-1, C-2, D-4
  2. A-1, B-3, C-2, D-4
  3. A-3, B-1, C-4, D-2
  4. A-2, B-1, C-3, D-4
Show answer

Answer: A. A-3, B-1, C-2, D-4

Kandla is Deendayal, Kolkata is Syama Prasad Mookerjee, Thoothukudi is V.O. Chidambaranar and Ennore is Kamarajar. The second option swaps Kandla and Kolkata, the third swaps Thoothukudi and Ennore, and the fourth swaps Kandla and Thoothukudi.

Q4. National Waterway 3 is located in which State?

  1. Assam
  2. Kerala
  3. Odisha
  4. Goa
Show answer

Answer: B. Kerala

NW-3 is the West Coast Canal from Kottapuram to Kollam in Kerala. Assam has NW-2 (Brahmaputra); Odisha and Goa do not hold NW-3.

Q5. Consider the following statements about inland waterways in India:
1. The National Waterways Act, 2016 declared 106 new national waterways.
2. National Waterway 1 runs on the Brahmaputra from Dhubri to Sadiya.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

  1. 1 only
  2. 2 only
  3. Both 1 and 2
  4. Neither 1 nor 2
Show answer

Answer: A. 1 only

Statement 1 is correct: 106 new waterways took the total to 111. Statement 2 is wrong: Dhubri–Sadiya on the Brahmaputra is NW-2; NW-1 is the Ganga from Prayagraj to Haldia. So '2 only', 'both' and 'neither' are wrong.

Q6. With reference to UDAN, consider the following statements:
1. It is the Regional Connectivity Scheme launched under the National Civil Aviation Policy, 2016.
2. Airlines on UDAN routes cap fares on a share of the seats and receive viability gap funding.
3. It is limited to fixed-wing aircraft and excludes helicopters and seaplanes.
Which of the statements given above are correct?

  1. 1 and 2 only
  2. 2 and 3 only
  3. 1 and 3 only
  4. 1, 2 and 3
Show answer

Answer: A. 1 and 2 only

Statements 1 and 2 are correct. Statement 3 is wrong because later rounds added helicopter and seaplane routes. Every option that includes 3 is therefore wrong.

Q7. Which one of the following was India's first long-distance crude oil pipeline?

  1. Salaya–Mathura
  2. Hazira–Vijaipur–Jagdishpur
  3. Naharkatiya–Nunmati–Barauni
  4. Motihari–Amlekhganj
Show answer

Answer: C. Naharkatiya–Nunmati–Barauni

Oil India built the Naharkatiya–Nunmati–Barauni crude line in the 1960s. Salaya–Mathura came later; HVJ carries gas, not crude; Motihari–Amlekhganj (2019) carries petroleum products to Nepal.

Q8. PM Gati Shakti, launched in October 2021, is best described as

  1. a high-speed rail project between Mumbai and Ahmedabad
  2. a national master plan that puts the infrastructure projects of many ministries on one digital map for joint planning
  3. a scheme that caps air fares on regional routes
  4. a law that declared 106 new national waterways
Show answer

Answer: B. a national master plan that puts the infrastructure projects of many ministries on one digital map for joint planning

Gati Shakti is the National Master Plan for joint, map-based planning of roads, railways, ports, waterways, airports, pipelines and zones. The high-speed rail is a separate project, fare caps belong to UDAN, and the 106 new waterways came from the National Waterways Act, 2016.

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Sources