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English · हिन्दी · తెలుగు · தமிழ் · മലയാളം · मराठी · ಕನ್ನಡ

Disaster management: quick recap

ಕನ್ನಡದಲ್ಲಿ ವಿವರಣೆ

Disaster management · Quick recap · Fact-checked on · how we check

Written with AI from the sources listed at the bottom of this page, then fact-checked by a separate AI.

Both parts in one sitting: hazard, vulnerability and risk; India's hazard profile; the disaster management cycle; the 2005 Act and its three tiers; the 2025 amendment; response and mitigation funds; the NDRF and warning agencies; Hyogo, Sendai and the CDRI.

Each idea is explained first in Kannada (ಕನ್ನಡ), ending with the English and Hindi exam terms, followed by the same point in exam English. UPSC Prelims is in English or Hindi, so understand it in Kannada and revise it in English.

ಈ ಅಧ್ಯಾಯ ಒಂದೇ ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆಗೆ ಉತ್ತರ: ಅಪಾಯ ವಿಪತ್ತಾಗದಂತೆ ನಾವು ಹೇಗೆ ತಡೆಯುತ್ತೇವೆ? ಮೊದಲ ಭಾಗ ವಿಚಾರ ಮತ್ತು ಕಾನೂನು: ಅಪಾಯದ ಮಟ್ಟ ಅಪಾಯ, ದುರ್ಬಲತೆ, ಸಾಮರ್ಥ್ಯವನ್ನು ಅವಲಂಬಿಸಿದೆ; ಸಮುದಾಯ ತಡೆಯಲಾಗದ ನಷ್ಟವೇ ವಿಪತ್ತು. ಎರಡನೇ ಭಾಗ ಹಣ, ಪಡೆಗಳು, ಎಚ್ಚರಿಕೆ, ಜಾಗತಿಕ ಒಪ್ಪಂದಗಳು. ಎರಡೂ ಸೇರಿ ಒಂದೇ ಬದಲಾವಣೆ ತೋರಿಸುತ್ತವೆ: ಕಾಯಿಲೆ ಬಂದ ಮೇಲೆ ಔಷಧಕ್ಕಿಂತ, ಬರುವ ಮೊದಲೇ ಲಸಿಕೆ ಮೇಲು. (→ English: hazard; disaster; disaster risk reduction · हिन्दी: खतरा; आपदा; आपदा जोखिम न्यूनीकरण)

In exam EnglishThis chapter was taught in two parts that answer one question: how does India stop a hazard from turning into a disaster? Part 1 set out the ideas and the law. Disaster risk depends on the hazard, on the vulnerability of the people exposed to it and on their capacity to cope, and the Disaster Management Act, 2005 defines a disaster as an event, natural or man-made, that goes beyond the coping capacity of the affected community. Part 2 explained the money, the responders, the warnings and the global frameworks that make the law work. Read together, the parts trace one change: from relief after the event to risk reduction before it.

ಮೊದಲ ಭಾಗ: ಹಿಮಾಲಯದ ಭೂಕಂಪ, ಗಂಗಾ ಬಯಲಿನ ನೆರೆ, ಪೂರ್ವ ಕರಾವಳಿಯ ಚಂಡಮಾರುತ, 2004 ಸುನಾಮಿ, ಬರ, ಭೂಕುಸಿತ. ತಡೆ, ಉಪಶಮನ, ಸನ್ನದ್ಧತೆ, ಸ್ಪಂದನೆ, ಚೇತರಿಕೆ ಎಂಬ ಚಕ್ರ; 2009 ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ನೀತಿ. 1999, 2001, 2004ರ ಏಟುಗಳ ನಂತರ ಕಾಯ್ದೆ ಮೂರು ಅಂತಸ್ತಿನ ಕಟ್ಟಡದಂತೆ: ಮೇಲೆ ಪ್ರಧಾನಮಂತ್ರಿಯ ಪ್ರಾಧಿಕಾರ, ಗೃಹ ಕಾರ್ಯದರ್ಶಿಯ ಸಮಿತಿ; ನಡುವೆ ಮುಖ್ಯಮಂತ್ರಿ, ಮುಖ್ಯ ಕಾರ್ಯದರ್ಶಿ; ಕೆಳಗೆ ಜಿಲ್ಲಾಧಿಕಾರಿ, ಸ್ಥಳೀಯ ಪ್ರತಿನಿಧಿ ಸಹ-ಅಧ್ಯಕ್ಷ. ಬರಕ್ಕೆ ಕೃಷಿ ಸಚಿವಾಲಯ, ದಂಡ, 2025 ತಿದ್ದುಪಡಿಯೂ. (→ English: Disaster Management Act, 2005; NDMA; SDMA; DDMA · हिन्दी: आपदा प्रबंधन अधिनियम, 2005; राष्ट्रीय आपदा प्रबंधन प्राधिकरण; राज्य आपदा प्रबंधन प्राधिकरण; ज़िला आपदा प्रबंधन प्राधिकरण)

In exam EnglishPart 1 began with India's exposure: earthquakes in the Himalaya and the North-East, floods in the Ganga and Brahmaputra plains, cyclones mostly on the east coast, the 2004 tsunami, drought in the rainfed interior, landslides, heat waves and urban floods. It then traced the disaster management cycle of prevention, mitigation and preparedness, response, and recovery, and the shift announced by the National Policy of 2009. The shocks of 1999, 2001 and 2004 led to the Act, which created three tiers: the NDMA under the Prime Minister with the National Executive Committee under the Union Home Secretary; the SDMA under the Chief Minister with the State Executive Committee under the Chief Secretary; and the DDMA under the Collector, with an elected local representative as co-chairperson. NIDM, nodal ministries such as Agriculture for drought, the penalties of Chapter X and the 2025 amendment, with its urban authorities, databases and statutory crisis committees, completed the picture.

ಎರಡನೇ ಭಾಗ: ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ವಿಪತ್ತು ಸ್ಪಂದನಾ ನಿಧಿ ಮತ್ತು ರಾಜ್ಯ ನಿಧಿಗಳು ಪರಿಹಾರಕ್ಕೆ; ರಾಜ್ಯ ನಿಧಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಕೇಂದ್ರ 75% (ಈಶಾನ್ಯ, ಹಿಮಾಲಯ ರಾಜ್ಯಗಳಿಗೆ 90%); 12 ಪಟ್ಟಿ ವಿಪತ್ತುಗಳು. 15ನೇ ಹಣಕಾಸು ಆಯೋಗ 80% ಸ್ಪಂದನೆ, 20% ಉಪಶಮನ. ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ವಿಪತ್ತು ಸ್ಪಂದನಾ ಪಡೆ (2006) ದೇಶದಲ್ಲೂ ವಿದೇಶದಲ್ಲೂ ರಕ್ಷಣಾ ಕಾರ್ಯ; ಹೆಸರು ಒಂದೇ ತರಹ ಕಂಡರೂ ನಿಧಿ ಬೇರೆ, ಪಡೆ ಬೇರೆ. ಎಚ್ಚರಿಕೆ: IMD, INCOIS, ಕೇಂದ್ರ ಜಲ ಆಯೋಗ, GSI; ಭೂಕಂಪವನ್ನು ಮುಂಚಿತವಾಗಿ ಹೇಳಲಾಗದು. (→ English: National Disaster Response Fund; National Disaster Response Force; early warning · हिन्दी: राष्ट्रीय आपदा मोचन निधि; राष्ट्रीय आपदा मोचन बल; पूर्व चेतावनी)

In exam EnglishPart 2 followed the money and the people. The National Disaster Response Fund and the State Disaster Response Funds pay for relief, with the Centre meeting 75 per cent of the state funds (90 per cent for north-eastern and Himalayan states) and twelve notified disasters eligible. The Fifteenth Finance Commission added a 20 per cent mitigation window to the 80 per cent response window. The National Disaster Response Force, raised in 2006 from the central armed police forces, leads specialist rescue at home and abroad, backed by state forces and community volunteers. Warnings come from IMD for cyclones and heat, INCOIS for tsunamis, the Central Water Commission for floods and the Geological Survey of India for landslides, while earthquakes can be recorded but not predicted.

ಕೊನೆಗೆ ಜಾಗತಿಕ ಕಥೆ: 1990ರ ದಶಕ, ಯೊಕೊಹಾಮಾ (1994), ಹ್ಯೋಗೋ (2005–2015), ಸೆಂಡೈ ಚೌಕಟ್ಟು (2015–2030): ಸ್ವಯಂಪ್ರೇರಿತ, ಏಳು ಗುರಿ, ನಾಲ್ಕು ಆದ್ಯತೆ, ಕೊನೆಯದು ಉತ್ತಮ ಪುನರ್ನಿರ್ಮಾಣ. ಭಾರತ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಯೋಜನೆಯನ್ನು ಸೆಂಡೈಗೆ ಜೋಡಿಸಿತು, 2016 ಏಷ್ಯಾ ಸಮ್ಮೇಳನ, 2023 G20 ಕಾರ್ಯತಂಡ, 2019 CDRI. ಒಟ್ಟು ಪಾಠ: ಎಚ್ಚರಿಕೆ, ಗಟ್ಟಿ ಮನೆ, ತರಬೇತಿ ಪಡೆದ ಜನ ಪರಿಹಾರಕ್ಕಿಂತ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಜೀವ ಉಳಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ. (→ English: Sendai Framework; build back better; CDRI · हिन्दी: सेंदाई फ्रेमवर्क; बेहतर पुनर्निर्माण; आपदा रोधी अवसंरचना गठबंधन)

In exam EnglishFinally, Part 2 placed India in the global story: the International Decade of the 1990s, the Yokohama Strategy of 1994, the Hyogo Framework for 2005–2015 and the Sendai Framework for 2015–2030, which is voluntary and sets seven targets and four priorities, the last of them build back better. India aligned its national plan with Sendai, hosted the Asian ministerial conference in 2016, created the G20 working group on disaster risk reduction in 2023 and launched the CDRI in 2019. The lesson of the whole chapter is simple: warnings, safer buildings and trained people save more lives than relief can.
Disaster management at a glance
ItemKey fact
Legal definitionSection 2(d): natural or man-made, beyond the coping capacity of the community
NDMA / NECPrime Minister / Union Home Secretary
SDMA / SECChief Minister / Chief Secretary
DDMACollector; elected local representative as co-chairperson
FundsNDRF (Section 46), SDRF (Section 48); Centre 75% or 90% of SDRF
Fifteenth Finance CommissionResponse 80% (40 relief, 30 recovery, 10 preparedness), mitigation 20%
Response forceNDRF, Section 44, raised 2006 from central armed police forces
Tsunami warningINCOIS, Hyderabad (2007)
Sendai Framework2015–2030, voluntary, seven targets, four priorities
CDRILaunched September 2019, secretariat in New Delhi

Exam traps

Recap

Practice questions

Q1. Under the Disaster Management Act, 2005, the District Disaster Management Authority is chaired by:

  1. The local Member of Parliament
  2. The Collector, District Magistrate or Deputy Commissioner
  3. The Superintendent of Police
  4. The chairperson of the zila parishad
Show answer

Answer: B. The Collector, District Magistrate or Deputy Commissioner

Section 25 makes the Collector, District Magistrate or Deputy Commissioner the chairperson. The local MP has no such role, the Superintendent of Police can be a member but not the chair, and an elected representative of the local authority, such as the zila parishad chairperson, serves as co-chairperson rather than chairperson.

Q2. Consider the following statements:
1. The Union Home Secretary chairs the National Executive Committee.
2. The Union Home Minister chairs the National Disaster Management Authority.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

  1. 1 only
  2. 2 only
  3. Both 1 and 2
  4. Neither 1 nor 2
Show answer

Answer: A. 1 only

Only statement 1 is correct. The NDMA is chaired by the Prime Minister under Section 3, not by the Home Minister. So '2 only' and 'Both' wrongly accept statement 2, and 'Neither' wrongly rejects the correct statement about the NEC.

Q3. Which one of the following is a mitigation measure rather than a response measure?

  1. Search and rescue after a building collapse
  2. Distributing food in relief camps
  3. Enforcing earthquake-resistant building codes
  4. Evacuating people as a cyclone makes landfall
Show answer

Answer: C. Enforcing earthquake-resistant building codes

Building codes reduce the impact of a future earthquake and are done before the event, which is mitigation. Search and rescue, food distribution in camps and evacuation as a storm hits are all response activities carried out during or just after a disaster.

Q4. In the State Disaster Response Fund, the Union government's share for a north-eastern or Himalayan state is:

  1. 50 per cent
  2. 75 per cent
  3. 90 per cent
  4. 100 per cent
Show answer

Answer: C. 90 per cent

For north-eastern and Himalayan states the Centre pays 90 per cent and the state 10 per cent. Seventy-five per cent is the share for other states, fifty per cent is not used, and the Centre never meets the whole fund.

Q5. Match the hazard with the agency that warns about or monitors it:
A. Tsunami — 1. Central Water Commission
B. River floods — 2. Geological Survey of India
C. Landslides — 3. INCOIS
D. Cyclones — 4. India Meteorological Department
Select the correct code:

  1. A-3, B-1, C-2, D-4
  2. A-4, B-1, C-2, D-3
  3. A-3, B-2, C-1, D-4
  4. A-1, B-3, C-2, D-4
Show answer

Answer: A. A-3, B-1, C-2, D-4

INCOIS warns of tsunamis, the CWC forecasts river floods, the GSI is nodal for landslides and IMD forecasts cyclones. The second code swaps IMD and INCOIS, the third swaps the CWC and GSI, and the fourth gives tsunamis to the CWC and floods to INCOIS.

Q6. Which of the following is NOT one of the four priorities for action of the Sendai Framework?

  1. Understanding disaster risk
  2. Strengthening disaster risk governance
  3. Creating a binding global disaster fund with fixed contributions
  4. Enhancing preparedness and building back better
Show answer

Answer: C. Creating a binding global disaster fund with fixed contributions

Sendai is voluntary and creates no binding fund with fixed contributions. The other three are its priorities; the one left out of the options is investing in disaster risk reduction for resilience.

Q7. Consider the following statements:
1. Gujarat passed a state disaster management law before the central Act of 2005.
2. The Disaster Management (Amendment) Act, 2025 allows Urban Disaster Management Authorities for state capitals and cities with municipal corporations.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

  1. 1 only
  2. 2 only
  3. Both 1 and 2
  4. Neither 1 nor 2
Show answer

Answer: C. Both 1 and 2

Both are correct: Gujarat's law came in 2003 after the 2001 earthquake, and the 2025 amendment provides for urban authorities headed by the municipal commissioner. '1 only' and '2 only' each drop a correct statement, and 'Neither' rejects both.

Q8. The Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure was launched at:

  1. The UN Climate Action Summit, New York, 2019
  2. COP21, Paris, 2015
  3. The third UN World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction, Sendai, 2015
  4. COP26, Glasgow, 2021
Show answer

Answer: A. The UN Climate Action Summit, New York, 2019

The CDRI was launched in New York in September 2019. Paris 2015 saw the launch of the International Solar Alliance, Sendai 2015 adopted the Sendai Framework, and at Glasgow in 2021 the CDRI launched its island-states initiative, IRIS, not the coalition itself.

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Sources