English · हिन्दी · తెలుగు · தமிழ் · മലയാളം · मराठी · ಕನ್ನಡ

The Paris Agreement, carbon markets and India's climate action

ಕನ್ನಡದಲ್ಲಿ ವಿವರಣೆ

Climate change · Part 3 / 3 · Fact-checked on 8 November 2026 · how we check

Written with AI from the sources listed at the bottom of this page, then fact-checked by a separate AI.

The Paris Agreement's goals, nationally determined contributions, the transparency framework and the global stocktake; India's NDC and net zero 2070; Article 6 carbon markets; India's Carbon Credit Trading Scheme and Green Credit Programme; climate finance and the loss and damage fund; the NAPCC and its eight missions; India-led alliances.

Each idea is explained first in Kannada (ಕನ್ನಡ), ending with the English and Hindi exam terms, followed by the same point in exam English. UPSC Prelims is in English or Hindi, so understand it in Kannada and revise it in English.

ಕ್ಯೋಟೋದಲ್ಲಿ ಹಿರಿಯರು ಕೆಲವರಿಗೆ ಮಾತ್ರ ಗುರಿ ಇಟ್ಟರು. ಪ್ಯಾರಿಸ್ ಒಪ್ಪಂದ ಅದನ್ನು ಬದಲಿಸಿತು: ಊರಿನ ಬಾವಿ ಸರಿಪಡಿಸಲು ಪ್ರತಿ ಮನೆಯೂ ತಾನು ಎಷ್ಟು ಕೊಡುತ್ತೇನೆ ಎಂದು ತಾನೇ ಹೇಳುವಂತೆ, ಪ್ರತಿ ದೇಶವೂ ತನ್ನ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯವಾಗಿ ನಿರ್ಧರಿಸಿದ ಕೊಡುಗೆ ತಾನೇ ಬರೆಯುತ್ತದೆ. ಐದು ವರ್ಷಕ್ಕೊಮ್ಮೆ ಎಲ್ಲರ ಮಾತು ಸೇರಿ ಸಾಕೇ ಎಂದು ನೋಡುತ್ತಾರೆ. ನಂತರ ಹಣ, ಮಾರುಕಟ್ಟೆ, ಕೊನೆಗೆ ನಮ್ಮ ದೇಶದ ಯೋಜನೆಗಳು. (→ English: Paris Agreement; nationally determined contribution · हिन्दी: पेरिस समझौता; राष्ट्रीय स्तर पर निर्धारित योगदान)

In exam EnglishPart 2 ended with negotiators giving up on targets handed down to countries on a 1992 list. This part shows what replaced that approach: the Paris Agreement of 2015, under which every country, rich or poor, writes its own pledge, the nationally determined contribution, and the world checks every five years whether the pledges add up. It then turns to the money and the markets that support those pledges, and finally to India: its targets, its own carbon trading scheme, its national plan of 2008 and the international groups it has launched.

ಪ್ಯಾರಿಸ್ ಒಪ್ಪಂದ 2015ರಲ್ಲಿ ಆಗಿ 2016ರಲ್ಲಿ ಜಾರಿಗೆ ಬಂತು; ನಮ್ಮ ದೇಶ ಗಾಂಧಿ ಜಯಂತಿಯಂದು ಅದನ್ನು ಅನುಮೋದಿಸಿತು. ಅದಕ್ಕೆ ಮೂರು ಗುರಿಗಳು. ಜ್ವರ 2 ಡಿಗ್ರಿ ದಾಟಬಾರದು, ಸಾಧ್ಯವಾದರೆ 1.5ರಲ್ಲೇ ನಿಲ್ಲಬೇಕು ಎನ್ನುವಂತೆ ಭೂಮಿಯ ಬಿಸಿ ತಡೆಯುವುದು; ಬೆಳೆಗೆ ಹಾನಿಯಿಲ್ಲದೆ ಬದಲಾದ ಹವಾಮಾನಕ್ಕೆ ಹೊಂದಿಕೊಳ್ಳುವುದು; ಹಣದ ಹರಿವನ್ನು ಸ್ವಚ್ಛ ಅಭಿವೃದ್ಧಿಯ ಕಡೆ ತಿರುಗಿಸುವುದು. ಶತಮಾನದ ಎರಡನೇ ಅರ್ಧದಲ್ಲಿ ಬಿಡುವ ಅನಿಲಗಳು ಹೀರಿಕೊಳ್ಳುವ ಅನಿಲಗಳಿಗೆ ಸಮವಾಗಬೇಕು. ಈ ಒಪ್ಪಂದದ ಸದಸ್ಯರ ಸಭೆಯೂ ಪಕ್ಷಗಳ ಸಮ್ಮೇಳನ ದಲ್ಲೇ ನಡೆಯುತ್ತದೆ. (→ English: Paris Agreement; well below 2 °C; 1.5 °C; Conference of the Parties · हिन्दी: पेरिस समझौता; 2 °C से काफ़ी नीचे; 1.5 °C; पक्षकारों का सम्मेलन)

In exam EnglishThe Paris Agreement was adopted at COP21 in Paris on 12 December 2015 and entered into force on 4 November 2016, once at least 55 parties accounting for at least 55 per cent of global emissions had joined; India ratified it on 2 October 2016, Gandhi Jayanti. Article 2 sets three aims. The first is to hold the rise in global average temperature to well below 2 °C above pre-industrial levels while pursuing efforts to limit it to 1.5 °C. The second is to strengthen the ability to adapt to climate impacts in a way that does not threaten food production. The third is to make flows of finance consistent with low-emission, climate-resilient development. Article 4 adds a long-term aim: global emissions should peak as soon as possible, and in the second half of this century the gases people release should be balanced by what sinks remove. The Conference of the Parties of the UNFCCC also serves as the meeting of the Agreement's parties.

ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯವಾಗಿ ನಿರ್ಧರಿಸಿದ ಕೊಡುಗೆ ಎಂದರೆ ಒಂದು ದೇಶ 'ನಾನು ಇಷ್ಟು ಕಡಿಮೆ ಮಾಡುತ್ತೇನೆ' ಎಂದು ಬರೆದು ಕೊಡುವ ಮಾತು. ಐದು ವರ್ಷಕ್ಕೊಮ್ಮೆ ಹೊಸ ಮಾತು, ಅದು ಹಳೆಯದಕ್ಕಿಂತ ದೊಡ್ಡದಾಗಿರಬೇಕು. ಇಲ್ಲಿ ಸೂಕ್ಷ್ಮ: ಮಾತು ಬರೆದು, ತಿಳಿಸಿ, ನವೀಕರಿಸುವುದು ಕಡ್ಡಾಯ; ಆ ಸಂಖ್ಯೆ ಸಾಧಿಸುವುದು ಕಾನೂನಿನಂತೆ ಕಡ್ಡಾಯವಲ್ಲ. ಕ್ಯೋಟೋ ಪ್ರೋಟೋಕಾಲ್ ನಲ್ಲಿ ಸಂಖ್ಯೆಗಳೇ ಕಡ್ಡಾಯ, ಆದರೆ ಕೆಲವು ದೇಶಗಳಿಗೆ ಮಾತ್ರ. ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯ ಆದರೆ ವಿಭಿನ್ನ ಜವಾಬ್ದಾರಿಗಳು ಇನ್ನೂ ಇವೆ, 'ಪ್ರತಿ ದೇಶದ ಪರಿಸ್ಥಿತಿಗೆ ತಕ್ಕಂತೆ' ಎಂಬ ಮಾತಿನೊಂದಿಗೆ. (→ English: nationally determined contribution; Kyoto Protocol; common but differentiated responsibilities · हिन्दी: राष्ट्रीय स्तर पर निर्धारित योगदान; क्योटो प्रोटोकॉल; साझा किंतु विभेदित उत्तरदायित्व)

In exam EnglishThe engine of the Agreement is the nationally determined contribution under Article 4. Each party must prepare, communicate and maintain successive contributions, pursue domestic measures aimed at meeting them, and submit a new one every five years; each new contribution is expected to go further than the last. The legal duty is about process: a country is bound to make, report and update a pledge, but not to achieve the number written in it. This is the reverse of the Kyoto Protocol, whose targets were binding but applied only to listed countries. The principle of common but differentiated responsibilities survives with an added phrase, 'in the light of different national circumstances'.

ಎಲ್ಲರೂ ಬೇರೆ ಬೇರೆಯಾಗಿ ಮಾತು ಕೊಟ್ಟರೆ, ಯಾರು ಏನು ಮಾಡಿದರು ಎಂಬ ಲೆಕ್ಕ ಬೇಕು. ಹಾಗಾಗಿ ಪ್ರತಿ ದೇಶವೂ ಒಂದೇ ರೀತಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ತನ್ನ ಲೆಕ್ಕ ತೋರಿಸಬೇಕು, ತಜ್ಞರು ಪರಿಶೀಲಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಜಾಗತಿಕ ಸ್ಥಿತಿ ಪರಿಶೀಲನೆ ಐದು ವರ್ಷಕ್ಕೊಮ್ಮೆ ನಡೆಯುತ್ತದೆ: ಇಡೀ ತರಗತಿ ಪಠ್ಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಎಷ್ಟು ದೂರ ಬಂದಿದೆ ಎಂದು ಶಿಕ್ಷಕರು ನೋಡುವಂತೆ, ಪ್ರತಿ ವಿದ್ಯಾರ್ಥಿಗೆ ಅಂಕ ಕೊಡುವುದಿಲ್ಲ. ಮೊದಲನೆಯದು 2023ರಲ್ಲಿ ದುಬೈನಲ್ಲಿ: ನವೀಕರಿಸಬಹುದಾದ ಇಂಧನ ಮೂರುಪಟ್ಟು, ದಕ್ಷತೆ ಸುಧಾರಣೆ ಎರಡುಪಟ್ಟು, ಪಳೆಯುಳಿಕೆ ಇಂಧನದಿಂದ ದೂರ. ಶಿಕ್ಷಿಸುವ ಸಮಿತಿ ಇಲ್ಲ, ಸಹಾಯ ಮಾಡುವ ಸಮಿತಿ ಇದೆ. (→ English: enhanced transparency framework; global stocktake; transition away from fossil fuels · हिन्दी: संवर्धित पारदर्शिता ढाँचा; वैश्विक स्टॉकटेक; जीवाश्म ईंधनों से दूर हटना)

In exam EnglishPledges made separately need a way to be checked and added up. Article 13 sets up an enhanced transparency framework: every party reports its emissions and its progress under a common set of rules, and expert teams review the reports. Article 14 creates the global stocktake, a collective review held every five years to judge how far the world remains from the Agreement's goals; it does not grade individual countries, but its findings are meant to shape the next round of contributions. The first stocktake concluded at COP28 in Dubai in December 2023. Its decision called on parties to contribute to tripling renewable energy capacity and doubling the rate of energy-efficiency improvement by 2030, and to transition away from fossil fuels in energy systems in a just, orderly and equitable manner. A compliance committee under Article 15 works in a facilitative way and imposes no penalties.

ನಮ್ಮ ದೇಶದ ಮಾತು: 2030ರೊಳಗೆ ಪ್ರತಿ ರೂಪಾಯಿ ಉತ್ಪಾದನೆಗೆ ಬರುವ ಹೊಗೆಯನ್ನು 2005ಕ್ಕಿಂತ 45 ಶೇಕಡಾ ಕಡಿಮೆ ಮಾಡುವುದು, ವಿದ್ಯುತ್ ಸಾಮರ್ಥ್ಯದ ಅರ್ಧ ಪಳೆಯುಳಿಕೆಯಲ್ಲದ ಮೂಲಗಳಿಂದ, ಕಾಡುಗಳ ಮೂಲಕ ಹೆಚ್ಚುವರಿ ಕಾರ್ಬನ್ ಸಿಂಕ್. ಇದು 'ತೀವ್ರತೆ' ಗುರಿ: ಕುಟುಂಬದ ಆದಾಯ ಹೆಚ್ಚಿದರೂ ಪ್ರತಿ ನೂರು ರೂಪಾಯಿಗೆ ಖರ್ಚು ಕಡಿಮೆ ಮಾಡಿದಂತೆ; ಒಟ್ಟು ಖರ್ಚು ಇನ್ನೂ ಹೆಚ್ಚಬಹುದು. 2070ರೊಳಗೆ ನಿವ್ವಳ ಶೂನ್ಯ ಹೊರಸೂಸುವಿಕೆ ಗ್ಲಾಸ್ಗೋದಲ್ಲಿ ಘೋಷಣೆಯಾಯಿತು. 2022ರ ನವೀಕೃತ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯವಾಗಿ ನಿರ್ಧರಿಸಿದ ಕೊಡುಗೆ ಯಲ್ಲಿ ಜೀವನಶೈಲಿ ಆಂದೋಲನ LiFE ಕೂಡ ಇದೆ. (→ English: emissions intensity of GDP; carbon sink; net zero; nationally determined contribution; Mission LiFE · हिन्दी: GDP की उत्सर्जन तीव्रता; कार्बन सिंक; नेट ज़ीरो; राष्ट्रीय स्तर पर निर्धारित योगदान; मिशन LiFE)

In exam EnglishIndia's first contribution, submitted in October 2015, promised to cut the emissions intensity of its GDP by 33–35 per cent below the 2005 level by 2030, to raise non-fossil sources to about 40 per cent of installed electricity capacity, and to create an additional carbon sink of 2.5–3 billion tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent through more forest and tree cover. At COP26 in Glasgow in November 2021 the Prime Minister announced a five-point agenda, the 'Panchamrit', which included net zero emissions by 2070. The updated nationally determined contribution, approved by the Union Cabinet in August 2022, raised the intensity cut to 45 per cent and the non-fossil share of installed capacity to about 50 per cent by 2030, kept the forest-sink goal, and added a mass movement for sustainable lifestyles, Mission LiFE. Intensity means emissions per unit of GDP, so total emissions can still grow. The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy reported in July 2025 that non-fossil sources had crossed half of installed capacity.

ಅನುಚ್ಛೇದ 6 ದೇಶಗಳ ನಡುವೆ ಕೊಳ್ಳುವ-ಮಾರುವ ದಾರಿ. ಎರಡು ದೇಶಗಳು ನೇರ ಒಪ್ಪಂದ ಮಾಡಿಕೊಂಡರೆ, ಮಾರಿದ ದೇಶ ಆ ಟನ್ ಅನ್ನು ತನ್ನ ಲೆಕ್ಕದಿಂದ ತೆಗೆಯಬೇಕು: ಒಂದೇ ಹೊಲವನ್ನು ಇಬ್ಬರಿಗೆ ಮಾರಬಾರದು ಎನ್ನುವಂತೆ. ಎರಡನೇ ದಾರಿ ವಿಶ್ವಸಂಸ್ಥೆ ಮೇಲ್ವಿಚಾರಣೆಯ ಕೇಂದ್ರ ಕಾರ್ಬನ್ ಮಾರುಕಟ್ಟೆ; ಅದು ಪ್ರತಿ ದೃಢೀಕರಿಸಿದ ಟನ್‌ಗೆ ಒಂದು ಕಾರ್ಬನ್ ಕ್ರೆಡಿಟ್ ಕೊಡುತ್ತದೆ, ಹಳೆಯ ಸ್ವಚ್ಛ ಅಭಿವೃದ್ಧಿ ಕಾರ್ಯವಿಧಾನ ದ ಸ್ಥಾನಕ್ಕೆ ಬಂತು. ಮೂರನೇ ದಾರಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ವ್ಯಾಪಾರವಿಲ್ಲ. ನಿಯಮಗಳು ಗ್ಲಾಸ್ಗೋ, ಬಾಕು ಸಮ್ಮೇಳನಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಪೂರ್ಣಗೊಂಡವು. (→ English: Article 6; corresponding adjustment; carbon market; carbon credit; Clean Development Mechanism · हिन्दी: अनुच्छेद 6; संगत समायोजन; कार्बन बाज़ार; कार्बन क्रेडिट; स्वच्छ विकास तंत्र)

In exam EnglishArticle 6 lets countries cooperate to meet their contributions. Under Article 6.2, two countries can agree that one transfers emission cuts to the other; these internationally transferred mitigation outcomes count towards the buyer's target, and the seller must make a 'corresponding adjustment', adding the sold amount back to its own account so that the same tonne is not counted twice. Article 6.4 creates a central carbon market supervised under the UN, now called the Paris Agreement Crediting Mechanism; it issues a carbon credit for each verified tonne from approved projects and succeeds the Clean Development Mechanism, and part of its credits goes to fund adaptation. Article 6.8 covers cooperation that involves no trading at all. The basic rules were agreed at COP26 in Glasgow in 2021 and the remaining details at COP29 in Baku in 2024.

ನಮ್ಮ ದೇಶ ತನ್ನದೇ ಕಾರ್ಬನ್ ಮಾರುಕಟ್ಟೆ ಕಟ್ಟುತ್ತಿದೆ. 2022ರ ಇಂಧನ ಸಂರಕ್ಷಣೆ ಕಾಯ್ದೆ ತಿದ್ದುಪಡಿ ಅಧಿಕಾರ ಕೊಟ್ಟಿತು, 2023ರಲ್ಲಿ ವಿದ್ಯುತ್ ಸಚಿವಾಲಯ ಯೋಜನೆ ಘೋಷಿಸಿತು, ಇಂಧನ ದಕ್ಷತೆ ಬ್ಯೂರೋ ನಡೆಸುತ್ತದೆ. ದೊಡ್ಡ ಕಾರ್ಖಾನೆಗಳಿಗೆ 'ಪ್ರತಿ ಟನ್ ಉತ್ಪಾದನೆಗೆ ಇಷ್ಟೇ ಹೊಗೆ' ಎಂಬ ಗುರಿ; ಗುರಿಗಿಂತ ಚೆನ್ನಾಗಿ ಮಾಡಿದ ಕಾರ್ಖಾನೆ ಪ್ರಮಾಣಪತ್ರ ಗಳಿಸಿ, ಹಿಂದುಳಿದ ಕಾರ್ಖಾನೆಗೆ ಮಾರಬಹುದು. ಇತರರು ಸ್ವಯಂಪ್ರೇರಿತವಾಗಿ ಯೋಜನೆ ನೋಂದಾಯಿಸಬಹುದು. ಇದು 2012ರ PAT ಯೋಜನೆಯ ಮೇಲೆ ಕಟ್ಟಲಾಗಿದೆ. (→ English: carbon market; Carbon Credit Trading Scheme; Bureau of Energy Efficiency; compliance mechanism; offset mechanism; Perform, Achieve and Trade · हिन्दी: कार्बन बाज़ार; कार्बन क्रेडिट व्यापार योजना; ऊर्जा दक्षता ब्यूरो; अनुपालन तंत्र; ऑफ़सेट तंत्र; प्रदर्शन, उपलब्धि और व्यापार)

In exam EnglishIndia is building its own domestic carbon market. The Energy Conservation (Amendment) Act, 2022 empowered the Central Government to specify a carbon credit trading scheme, and the Ministry of Power notified the Carbon Credit Trading Scheme on 28 June 2023. The Bureau of Energy Efficiency administers it, and each carbon credit certificate stands for one tonne of carbon dioxide equivalent. The scheme has two routes. Under the compliance mechanism, notified energy-intensive industries receive targets for greenhouse gas emissions per unit of output, and those that beat their targets earn certificates that they can sell to those that fall short. Under the offset mechanism, entities without such obligations can register projects that cut or remove emissions and earn certificates voluntarily. It builds on the Perform, Achieve and Trade (PAT) scheme of 2012, under which large plants that beat their energy-use targets could sell Energy Saving Certificates.

ಹಸಿರು ಕ್ರೆಡಿಟ್ ಬೇರೆ ವಿಷಯ. 2023ರಲ್ಲಿ ಪರಿಸರ ಸಚಿವಾಲಯ ನಿಯಮ ತಂದಿತು: ಯಾರಾದರೂ ಮರ ನೆಟ್ಟರೆ, ನೀರು ಸಂಗ್ರಹಿಸಿದರೆ, ಕಸವನ್ನು ಸರಿಯಾಗಿ ನಿರ್ವಹಿಸಿದರೆ, ಕಾಂಡ್ಲಾ ಕಾಡು ಉಳಿಸಿದರೆ ಕ್ರೆಡಿಟ್ ಸಿಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಶಾಲೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಒಳ್ಳೆಯ ಕೆಲಸಕ್ಕೆ ನಕ್ಷತ್ರ ಕೊಟ್ಟಂತೆ, ಇದು ಯಾವ ಬಗೆಯ ಒಳ್ಳೆಯ ಕೆಲಸಕ್ಕೂ. ಕಾರ್ಬನ್ ಕ್ರೆಡಿಟ್ ಮಾತ್ರ ಟನ್ ಲೆಕ್ಕದ ಅನಿಲ, ವಿದ್ಯುತ್ ಸಚಿವಾಲಯದ ಅಡಿಯಲ್ಲಿ. ಎರಡನ್ನೂ ಬೆರೆಸಬೇಡಿ. (→ English: Green Credit Programme; green credit; carbon credit · हिन्दी: हरित क्रेडिट कार्यक्रम; हरित क्रेडिट; कार्बन क्रेडिट)

In exam EnglishThe Green Credit Programme is a different instrument. It was set up under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 through the Green Credit Rules notified by the Environment Ministry in October 2023, and it rewards voluntary environmental actions by individuals, companies, local bodies and other organisations with green credits that can be traded. Its list of activities reaches well beyond carbon: tree planting, water conservation and harvesting, sustainable agriculture, waste management, reducing air pollution, conserving mangroves and similar work. The Indian Council of Forestry Research and Education administers it. The distinction to hold on to: a carbon credit under the trading scheme measures tonnes of greenhouse gas and sits under the Energy Conservation Act and the Ministry of Power, while a green credit rewards an environmental action of any kind and sits under the Environment Ministry.

ಹವಾಮಾನ ಹಣಕಾಸು ಎಂದರೆ ಬಡ ದೇಶಗಳು ಹೊಗೆ ಕಡಿಮೆ ಮಾಡಲು, ಬದಲಾದ ಹವಾಮಾನಕ್ಕೆ ಹೊಂದಿಕೊಳ್ಳಲು ಶ್ರೀಮಂತ ದೇಶಗಳು ಕೊಡುವ ಹಣ. ಅದಕ್ಕೆ ಕೆಲವು ನಿಧಿಗಳು: 1991ರ ಜಾಗತಿಕ ಪರಿಸರ ಸೌಲಭ್ಯ, 2010ರಲ್ಲಿ ಕಾನ್‌ಕೂನ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ಹುಟ್ಟಿದ ಹಸಿರು ಹವಾಮಾನ ನಿಧಿ, ಕ್ಯೋಟೋ ಕಾಲದ ಹೊಂದಾಣಿಕೆ ನಿಧಿ. ನಷ್ಟ ಮತ್ತು ಹಾನಿ ಎಂದರೆ ಹೊಂದಿಕೊಂಡರೂ ತಪ್ಪಿಸಲಾಗದ ನಷ್ಟ: ಸಮುದ್ರ ನುಂಗಿದ ಹೊಲದಂತೆ. ಅದರ ನಿಧಿ 2022ರಲ್ಲಿ ಒಪ್ಪಿಗೆಯಾಗಿ 2023ರಲ್ಲಿ ಶುರುವಾಯಿತು. 2024ರಲ್ಲಿ ಬಾಕುವಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಹೊಸ ಗುರಿ ವರ್ಷಕ್ಕೆ 300 ಬಿಲಿಯನ್ ಡಾಲರ್; ನಮ್ಮ ದೇಶ ಅದು ತೀರಾ ಕಡಿಮೆ ಎಂದಿತು. (→ English: climate finance; Global Environment Facility; Green Climate Fund; Adaptation Fund; loss and damage; new collective quantified goal · हिन्दी: जलवायु वित्त; वैश्विक पर्यावरण सुविधा; हरित जलवायु कोष; अनुकूलन कोष; हानि और क्षति; नया सामूहिक परिमाणित लक्ष्य)

In exam Englishclimate finance is the money that helps developing countries cut emissions and adapt. The UNFCCC places the duty to provide it on developed countries, and Article 9 of the Paris Agreement repeats that duty. Several funds carry the money. The Global Environment Facility, set up in 1991 with the World Bank as trustee, serves the climate convention and several other environmental treaties. The Green Climate Fund, created at Cancún in 2010 and based in Songdo, South Korea, is the largest dedicated climate fund. The Adaptation Fund, born under Kyoto and financed partly by a share of CDM credits, now also serves the Paris Agreement. Money for loss and damage, harm that adaptation cannot prevent, such as farmland lost to the sea, was the newest demand: COP27 at Sharm el-Sheikh (2022) agreed to set up a fund, and COP28 in Dubai (2023) made it operational on its first day, with the World Bank as interim host. At COP29 in Baku (2024) a new collective goal replaced the old 100 billion dollar pledge: developed countries are to take the lead in mobilising at least 300 billion US dollars a year by 2035. India criticised the figure as far too small.

The main climate funds
Fund	Set up	Key facts
Global Environment Facility (GEF)	1991	World Bank is trustee; serves the UNFCCC and other environmental conventions
Green Climate Fund	COP16, Cancún, 2010	Based in Songdo, South Korea; funds mitigation and adaptation
Adaptation Fund	Under the Kyoto Protocol	Financed partly by a share of CDM credits; now also serves the Paris Agreement
Fund for responding to loss and damage	Agreed at COP27 (2022); operational at COP28 (2023)	World Bank as interim host; for harm adaptation cannot prevent

ಹವಾಮಾನ ಬದಲಾವಣೆ ಕುರಿತ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಕ್ರಿಯಾ ಯೋಜನೆ 2008ರಲ್ಲಿ ಬಂತು, ಯಾವುದೇ ಅಂತರರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಗುರಿ ಬರುವ ಮೊದಲೇ. ಮನೆ ಕಟ್ಟುವಾಗ ಪ್ರತಿ ಕೆಲಸಕ್ಕೂ ಒಬ್ಬ ಮೇಸ್ತ್ರಿ ಇರುವಂತೆ, ಎಂಟು ಮಿಷನ್‌ಗಳು, ಪ್ರತಿಯೊಂದಕ್ಕೂ ಒಂದು ಸಚಿವಾಲಯ: ಸೌರಶಕ್ತಿ, ಇಂಧನ ದಕ್ಷತೆ, ಸುಸ್ಥಿರ ವಸತಿ, ನೀರು, ಹಿಮಾಲಯ ಪರಿಸರ, ಹಸಿರು ಭಾರತ, ಸುಸ್ಥಿರ ಕೃಷಿ, ಹವಾಮಾನ ಜ್ಞಾನ. ರಾಜ್ಯಗಳು ತಮ್ಮದೇ ಯೋಜನೆ ಬರೆದವು; ಹೊಂದಾಣಿಕೆ ಕೆಲಸಗಳಿಗೆ ನಬಾರ್ಡ್ ಮೂಲಕ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ನಿಧಿ ಇದೆ. (→ English: National Action Plan on Climate Change; eight national missions; State Action Plans on Climate Change; National Adaptation Fund for Climate Change · हिन्दी: जलवायु परिवर्तन पर राष्ट्रीय कार्य योजना; आठ राष्ट्रीय मिशन; जलवायु परिवर्तन पर राज्य कार्य योजनाएँ; जलवायु परिवर्तन के लिए राष्ट्रीय अनुकूलन कोष)

In exam EnglishAt home, the National Action Plan on Climate Change was released on 30 June 2008, years before India had any international target. It rests on eight national missions, each led by a ministry, which aim to make development cleaner and more resilient rather than to cap growth: the National Solar Mission, Enhanced Energy Efficiency, Sustainable Habitat, the National Water Mission, Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem, Green India, Sustainable Agriculture and Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change. States were asked to prepare State Action Plans on Climate Change in line with the national plan, and a National Adaptation Fund for Climate Change, set up in 2015 with NABARD as the implementing entity, pays for adaptation projects in the states.

The eight missions of the National Action Plan on Climate Change (2008)
Mission	Lead ministry or department
National Solar Mission	New and Renewable Energy
Enhanced Energy Efficiency	Power
Sustainable Habitat	Housing and Urban Affairs
National Water Mission	Jal Shakti
Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem	Science and Technology
Green India	Environment, Forest and Climate Change
Sustainable Agriculture	Agriculture and Farmers Welfare
Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change	Science and Technology

ನಮ್ಮ ದೇಶ ತನ್ನ ಆಲೋಚನೆಗಳ ಸುತ್ತ ಅಂತರರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಗುಂಪುಗಳನ್ನು ಕಟ್ಟಿದೆ. ಅಂತರರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಸೌರ ಒಕ್ಕೂಟ 2015ರಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ಯಾರಿಸ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ ಫ್ರಾನ್ಸ್ ಜೊತೆ ಶುರುವಾಯಿತು, ಕೇಂದ್ರ ಕಚೇರಿ ಗುರುಗ್ರಾಮ್‌ನಲ್ಲಿ: ಬಿಸಿಲು ಹೆಚ್ಚಿರುವ ದೇಶಗಳೆಲ್ಲ ಸೇರಿ ಸೌರಶಕ್ತಿ ಹೆಚ್ಚಿಸುವುದು, ಊರೆಲ್ಲ ಸೇರಿ ಸೋಲಾರ್ ಪಂಪ್ ಕೊಂಡಂತೆ. ವಿಪತ್ತು ತಡೆಯುವ ರಸ್ತೆ, ವಿದ್ಯುತ್ ತಂತಿಗಳಿಗಾಗಿ CDRI (2019, ಸಚಿವಾಲಯ ದೆಹಲಿ). ಭಾರೀ ಕೈಗಾರಿಕೆಗಳಿಗಾಗಿ ಸ್ವೀಡನ್ ಜೊತೆ LeadIT. 2023ರ G20ಯಲ್ಲಿ ಜೈವಿಕ ಇಂಧನ ಒಕ್ಕೂಟ. (→ English: International Solar Alliance; Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure; LeadIT; Global Biofuels Alliance · हिन्दी: अंतरराष्ट्रीय सौर गठबंधन; आपदा-रोधी अवसंरचना गठबंधन; LeadIT; वैश्विक जैव ईंधन गठबंधन)

In exam EnglishIndia has also built international groups around its own priorities. The International Solar Alliance was launched by India and France at COP21 in Paris on 30 November 2015 to spread solar energy, especially among sunshine-rich countries. Its framework agreement entered into force on 6 December 2017, and its headquarters in Gurugram, Haryana, make it the first treaty-based intergovernmental organisation based in India. The Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure, launched by India at the UN Climate Action Summit in New York in September 2019, with its secretariat in New Delhi, helps countries build roads, power lines and other infrastructure that can withstand disasters. At the same summit India and Sweden launched the Leadership Group for Industry Transition (LeadIT) to help heavy industries such as steel and cement cut emissions. The Global Biofuels Alliance followed at the G20 summit in New Delhi in September 2023.

ಒಟ್ಟಾರೆ ನೋಡಿದರೆ: ಕ್ಯೋಟೋ ಪ್ರೋಟೋಕಾಲ್ ಮೇಲಿನಿಂದ ಕೆಲವರಿಗೆ 'ಇಷ್ಟು ಕಡಿಮೆ ಮಾಡು' ಎಂದು ಹೇಳಿತು; ಪ್ಯಾರಿಸ್ ಒಪ್ಪಂದ ಪ್ರತಿ ದೇಶವನ್ನೂ 'ನೀನು ಏನು ಮಾಡುತ್ತೀಯ' ಎಂದು ಕೇಳುತ್ತದೆ, ನಂತರ ಲೆಕ್ಕ, ಪರಿಶೀಲನೆ, ಸಹದೇಶಗಳ ಒತ್ತಡದಿಂದ ಪ್ರತಿ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯವಾಗಿ ನಿರ್ಧರಿಸಿದ ಕೊಡುಗೆ ಏರುವಂತೆ ನೋಡುತ್ತದೆ. ಮಾರುಕಟ್ಟೆಗಳು ಹೊಸ ರೂಪದಲ್ಲಿವೆ. ಹಣವೇ ನಿಜವಾದ ಕೀಲು; ಅದಕ್ಕೇ ನಮ್ಮ ದೇಶ ಪ್ರತಿ ಸಮ್ಮೇಳನದಲ್ಲೂ ಸಾಮಾನ್ಯ ಆದರೆ ವಿಭಿನ್ನ ಜವಾಬ್ದಾರಿಗಳು ನೆನಪಿಸುತ್ತದೆ. ನಮ್ಮ ದಾರಿ: ತೀವ್ರತೆ ಗುರಿಗಳು, 2070 ನಿವ್ವಳ ಶೂನ್ಯ, ಎಂಟು ಮಿಷನ್‌ಗಳು, ಸೌರ ಒಕ್ಕೂಟ. (→ English: Kyoto Protocol; Paris Agreement; nationally determined contribution; common but differentiated responsibilities · हिन्दी: क्योटो प्रोटोकॉल; पेरिस समझौता; राष्ट्रीय स्तर पर निर्धारित योगदान; साझा किंतु विभेदित उत्तरदायित्व)

In exam EnglishSeen as a whole, the climate regime has moved from top-down to bottom-up. The Kyoto Protocol told a few countries what to cut; the Paris Agreement asks every country what it will do, then relies on transparency, the five-yearly stocktake and the pressure of peers to push each nationally determined contribution upwards. Markets survive in a new form under Article 6. Finance is the hinge: developing countries' ambition depends on money that has repeatedly fallen short of their needs, which is why India keeps returning to common but differentiated responsibilities at every COP. India's own record combines intensity targets rather than absolute caps, net zero by 2070, a national plan built on eight missions, and leadership of alliances on solar power and resilient infrastructure. With the science of Part 1 and the institutions of Part 2, this completes the chapter.

Exam traps

The Paris temperature goal is to hold warming 'well below 2 °C' while pursuing efforts to limit it to 1.5 °C. It is wrong to say the Agreement sets 1.5 °C as a binding cap or 2 °C as the level to aim for.
Under the Paris Agreement a country is legally bound to prepare, communicate and update its NDC every five years, not to achieve it. Binding targets for listed countries were the Kyoto model.
India's NDC targets emissions intensity of GDP (45 per cent below 2005 by 2030), not absolute emissions; the 50 per cent figure is the non-fossil share of installed electricity capacity, not of total energy or of generation.
India's net zero year is 2070, announced at COP26 in Glasgow (2021). It was not part of the Paris pledge of 2015 and is not 2050.
The global stocktake reviews collective progress and does not rate individual countries; the first ended at COP28 in Dubai (2023), and stocktakes recur every five years.
The Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (2023) comes under the Energy Conservation Act, the Ministry of Power and the Bureau of Energy Efficiency; the Green Credit Programme (2023) comes under the Environment (Protection) Act, the Environment Ministry and ICFRE.
The loss and damage fund was agreed at COP27 (Sharm el-Sheikh, 2022) and made operational at COP28 (Dubai, 2023). The Warsaw mechanism on loss and damage (2013) and the Green Climate Fund (Cancún, 2010) are different bodies.
The International Solar Alliance was launched by India and France (2015) and is headquartered in Gurugram; CDRI was launched by India (2019) with its secretariat in New Delhi; LeadIT is an India–Sweden initiative.

Recap

Paris Agreement: adopted 12 December 2015 (COP21), in force 4 November 2016; India ratified 2 October 2016.
Article 2 goals: well below 2 °C, efforts for 1.5 °C; adaptation without threatening food production; finance flows consistent with low-emission development.
NDCs (Article 4): every party, every five years, each more ambitious; binding to submit, not to achieve. Transparency framework (Article 13); global stocktake every five years (Article 14), first at COP28, 2023.
India's updated NDC (2022): emissions intensity 45 per cent below 2005 by 2030; about 50 per cent non-fossil installed capacity; 2.5–3 billion tonne extra forest sink; Mission LiFE. Net zero by 2070 (COP26, 2021).
Article 6: 6.2 bilateral transfers with corresponding adjustments; 6.4 Paris Agreement Crediting Mechanism, successor to the CDM; 6.8 non-market approaches.
India's Carbon Credit Trading Scheme (28 June 2023, Energy Conservation Act, BEE): compliance and offset mechanisms; builds on PAT (2012). Green Credit Programme (October 2023, EPA 1986, ICFRE) rewards wider environmental actions.
Climate finance: GEF (1991), Green Climate Fund (Cancún 2010, Songdo), Adaptation Fund (Kyoto), loss and damage fund (agreed COP27 2022, operational COP28 2023); new goal at COP29 (2024): at least 300 billion dollars a year by 2035.
NAPCC (30 June 2008): eight missions; State Action Plans; National Adaptation Fund for Climate Change (2015, NABARD). India-led: ISA (2015, Gurugram), CDRI (2019, New Delhi), LeadIT (with Sweden, 2019), Global Biofuels Alliance (2023).

Practice questions

Q1. In which year did the Paris Agreement on climate change enter into force?

2015
2016
2018
2020

Show answer

Answer: B. 2016

It entered into force on 4 November 2016, once 55 parties with 55 per cent of global emissions had joined. 2015 is the year of adoption at COP21; 2018 is when the rulebook was largely agreed at Katowice and has nothing to do with entry into force; 2020 was the start of the period its first contributions covered, not its entry into force.

Q2. Consider the following statements about the Paris Agreement:
1. Each party is legally bound to achieve the emission targets in its nationally determined contribution.
2. A global stocktake of collective progress is to be held every five years.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

1 only
2 only
Both 1 and 2
Neither 1 nor 2

Show answer

Answer: B. 2 only

Statement 2 is correct (Article 14). Statement 1 is wrong: the binding duty is to prepare, communicate and maintain an NDC and pursue measures towards it, not to achieve it. Option 1 picks the false statement, option 3 includes it, and option 4 rejects the true statement 2.

Q3. Under its updated nationally determined contribution of 2022, India aims to reduce the emissions intensity of its GDP by 2030, compared with the 2005 level, by:

33–35 per cent
40 per cent
45 per cent
50 per cent

Show answer

Answer: C. 45 per cent

The 2022 update raised the intensity target to 45 per cent. 33–35 per cent was the first (2015) target; 40 per cent was the 2015 goal for the non-fossil share of installed capacity; 50 per cent is the updated non-fossil capacity goal, not an intensity cut.

Q4. Consider the following pairs:
Fund : Where it was agreed
1. Green Climate Fund : COP16, Cancún
2. Fund for responding to loss and damage : COP21, Paris
3. Adaptation Fund : Kyoto Protocol
How many of the pairs given above are correctly matched?

Only one
Only two
All three
None

Show answer

Answer: B. Only two

Pairs 1 and 3 are correct. Pair 2 is wrong: the loss and damage fund was agreed at COP27 in Sharm el-Sheikh (2022) and made operational at COP28 in Dubai (2023), not at Paris. So 'only one' undercounts, 'all three' includes the wrong pair, and 'none' rejects two correct pairs.

Q5. Consider the following statements about India's Carbon Credit Trading Scheme, 2023:
1. It was notified under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986.
2. It is administered by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency.
3. It includes an offset mechanism under which entities without targets can register projects voluntarily.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

1 and 2 only
2 and 3 only
1 and 3 only
1, 2 and 3

Show answer

Answer: B. 2 and 3 only

Statements 2 and 3 are correct. Statement 1 is wrong: the scheme was notified by the Ministry of Power under the Energy Conservation Act, 2001, as amended in 2022; it is the Green Credit Programme that rests on the Environment (Protection) Act. Options 1, 3 and 4 all include the false statement 1.

Q6. Which one of the following is NOT one of the eight national missions of the National Action Plan on Climate Change (2008)?

National Mission for a Green India
National Water Mission
National Mission on Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change
National Wind Energy Mission

Show answer

Answer: D. National Wind Energy Mission

There is no wind mission among the eight; the energy missions are the National Solar Mission and Enhanced Energy Efficiency. Green India, the Water Mission and Strategic Knowledge for Climate Change are all among the original eight, so options 1–3 are missions and cannot be the answer.

Q7. Consider the following pairs:
Initiative : Launched by or with
1. International Solar Alliance : India and France
2. Leadership Group for Industry Transition (LeadIT) : India and Sweden
3. Coalition for Disaster Resilient Infrastructure : India and Japan
Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?

1 only
1 and 2 only
2 and 3 only
1, 2 and 3

Show answer

Answer: B. 1 and 2 only

Pairs 1 and 2 are correct. Pair 3 is wrong: CDRI was launched by India at the UN Climate Action Summit (2019), with its secretariat in New Delhi; it is not an India–Japan initiative. Option 1 leaves out the correct pair 2, and options 3 and 4 include the wrong pair 3.

Q8. Under Article 6.2 of the Paris Agreement, a 'corresponding adjustment' is made in order to:

prevent the same emission reduction from being counted by both the selling and the buying country
send a fixed share of every transfer to the Adaptation Fund
convert old Kyoto credits into Paris credits
set a single world price for carbon

Show answer

Answer: A. prevent the same emission reduction from being counted by both the selling and the buying country

The seller adds the transferred amount back to its own emissions account so that one tonne is counted only once. A share of proceeds for adaptation is a feature of the Article 6.4 mechanism, not of corresponding adjustments; the transition of old CDM activities is a separate rule; and the Agreement sets no global carbon price.

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Sources

Paris Agreement, 2015 (Articles 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 13, 14, 15 and 21) — https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/english_paris_agreement.pdf
Decisions of the UNFCCC COP and of the meeting of the Parties to the Paris Agreement: Glasgow decisions on Article 6 (2021); funding arrangements for loss and damage (COP27, 2022, and COP28, 2023); outcome of the first global stocktake, decision 1/CMA.5 (2023); new collective quantified goal on climate finance (CMA.6, Baku, 2024) — https://unfccc.int/decisions
Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change: India's Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (2015) and Updated First NDC (August 2022); India's Long-Term Low-Carbon Development Strategy (November 2022); National Action Plan on Climate Change (30 June 2008); National Adaptation Fund for Climate Change — https://moef.gov.in
Energy Conservation Act, 2001, as amended by the Energy Conservation (Amendment) Act, 2022 (section 14(w)); Carbon Credit Trading Scheme, 2023, Ministry of Power notification of 28 June 2023 and its amendment adding the offset mechanism; Perform, Achieve and Trade scheme (Bureau of Energy Efficiency) — https://www.indiacode.nic.in
Green Credit Rules, 2023, notified by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change in October 2023 under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 — https://moef.gov.in
Press Information Bureau: India's ratification of the Paris Agreement (2 October 2016); the Prime Minister's national statement at COP26 (November 2021); Cabinet approval of the updated NDC (3 August 2022); International Solar Alliance, CDRI and LeadIT; Global Biofuels Alliance (September 2023); Ministry of New and Renewable Energy on non-fossil installed capacity (July 2025) — https://pib.gov.in
Official sites of the Global Environment Facility (trustee: World Bank; established 1991), the Green Climate Fund (Songdo) and the Adaptation Fund — https://www.greenclimate.fund