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Physiography of India

Physiography of India for UPSC Prelims and Mains, taught in 4 parts. Each part has tables, exam traps, a recap and practice questions, and every paragraph is explained in Telugu.

Quick recap: Quick recap: the physiography of India on one page

All four parts condensed for quick revision: the Himalaya and the north-eastern hills; the Northern Plains and the Thar; the Peninsular Plateau and the two Ghats; and the coastal plains and the island groups.

Parts of this chapter

Part 1

The Himalaya and the hills of the north-east

India's six physiographic divisions; how the Himalaya formed; the Trans-Himalaya and the three parallel ranges (Himadri, Himachal and Shiwalik) with their peaks, valleys and duns; the regional divisions by river valleys and the karewas of Kashmir; the important passes and tunnels; the Purvanchal hills; and why the Himalaya matters for India.
Part 2

The Northern Plains and the Thar desert

How the Northern Plains were built from river sediment in a trough south of the Himalaya; the Bhabar, Terai, Bhangar and Khadar belts; the Punjab plains and their doabs, the Ganga plains and the Brahmaputra valley with Majuli; levees, oxbow lakes, braided channels and the Sundarbans delta; the Thar desert, the Luni and the salt lakes; the Rann of Kachchh; and why the plains matter, with their problems of floods, waterlogging and falling groundwater.
Part 3

The Peninsular Plateau and the Ghats

The Peninsular Plateau as an ancient, stable block of Gondwana with its west-to-east tilt; the Central Highlands north of the Narmada (Aravalli, Malwa, Vindhya, Satpura, Bundelkhand, Baghelkhand and Chota Nagpur) and the Narmada and Tapi rift valleys; the Deccan plateau and its lava Traps; the Meghalaya plateau and Karbi Anglong; the Western and Eastern Ghats with their hills, peaks and passes; and the two Ghats compared.
Part 4

The coastal plains and the islands

India's coastline and its 2024-25 re-measurement; the western coastal plain from Kachchh and Kathiawar through the Konkan and Kanara coasts to the Malabar backwaters; the eastern coastal plain with the Northern Circars, the Coromandel coast, the four great deltas and the Chilika and Pulicat lagoons; the two coasts and their ports compared; the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Lakshadweep with their channels; and how the six divisions fit together.

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