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Petroleum, natural gas and electricity

తెలుగులో వివరణ

Mineral and energy resources of India · Part 3 / 3 · Fact-checked on · how we check

Written with AI from the sources listed at the bottom of this page, then fact-checked by a separate AI.

How petroleum forms and where India finds it; natural gas, pipelines, LNG, coal-bed methane and shale gas; refineries and the strategic petroleum reserves; why thermal, hydro and nuclear stations stand where they do; the growth of solar and wind power and India's clean-energy targets; and the conservation of minerals and energy.

Each idea is explained first in Telugu (తెలుగు), ending with the English and Hindi exam terms, followed by the same point in exam English. UPSC Prelims is in English or Hindi, so understand it in Telugu and revise it in English.

బొగ్గు తర్వాత మిగిలిన శక్తి కథ ఇది. మొదట పెట్రోలియం, సహజ వాయువు: మనకు అత్యంత కొరతగా ఉన్నవి ఇవే. అవి ఎలా ఏర్పడతాయి, ఎక్కడ దొరుకుతాయి, వాయువు పైపుల్లో ఎలా వెళ్తుంది, ముడి చమురును ఎలా శుద్ధి చేసి నిల్వ ఉంచుతారు. తర్వాత విద్యుత్: థర్మల్, జల, అణు కేంద్రాలు ఆ చోట్లలోనే ఎందుకు ఉన్నాయి, సౌర, పవన విద్యుత్ ఎలా పెరిగింది. ఇంట్లో స్విచ్ వేస్తే వెలిగే బల్బు వెనుక ఈ మొత్తం గొలుసు ఉంది. చివరగా సంరక్షణ. (→ English: petroleum, natural gas and electricity · हिन्दी: पेट्रोलियम, प्राकृतिक गैस और बिजली)

In exam EnglishPart 2 ended with coal, the fuel behind most of India's electricity. This final part follows the rest of the energy chain. It starts with petroleum and natural gas, the fuels India is shortest of: how they form, where India finds them, how gas travels across the country, and how crude oil is refined and stockpiled for emergencies. It then turns to electricity and asks why thermal, hydro and nuclear stations stand where they do, and how solar and wind power have changed the picture in the last fifteen years. It ends with the conservation of minerals and energy.

పెట్రోలియం అవక్షేప శిలల్లో పుడుతుంది. పాత సముద్రాల్లోని సూక్ష్మజీవుల అవశేషాలు బురదతో కింద కూరుకుపోయి, వేడి, ఒత్తిడితో చమురు, వాయువుగా మారాయి. అవి తేలికైనవి కాబట్టి పైకి ఎగబాకుతాయి; పైన గట్టి మూత లాంటి పొర ఉంటే అక్కడ ఆగిపోతాయి, బోర్లించిన గిన్నె కింద ఆవిరి చిక్కుకున్నట్టు. ఈ శిలలు మన దగ్గర అస్సాం, గుజరాత్, రాజస్థాన్, సముద్ర తీరాల్లో ఉన్నాయి, పాత పీఠభూమిలో కాదు. వెతుకుతున్నది ONGC, ఆయిల్ ఇండియా. (→ English: sedimentary rocks; anticline · हिन्दी: अवसादी शैल; अपनति)

In exam EnglishPetroleum is a product of sedimentary rocks. Tiny plants and animals of ancient seas settled into the mud of the sea floor and were buried deep, where heat and pressure, over millions of years, slowly turned them into crude oil and gas. Being light, these fluids creep upward through porous rock such as sandstone until a layer they cannot pass, such as shale or clay, stops them. Oil therefore gathers in traps: the crest of an upfold (an anticline), a block sealed off by a fault, or the side of a salt dome. In India these rocks are mostly Tertiary, so oil turns up in Assam, Gujarat, Rajasthan and the coastal and offshore basins, not in the ancient Peninsular plateau. Exploration is led by two public-sector companies, ONGC (formed as a commission in 1956) and Oil India Ltd. Since 2016, blocks have been offered under the Hydrocarbon Exploration and Licensing Policy, which replaced the New Exploration Licensing Policy of 1999 and lets companies pick areas through open acreage bidding.

మన చమురు కథ అస్సాంలో మొదలైంది: 1889లో డిగ్బోయ్. తర్వాత నహర్‌కటియా, మోరాన్; ఆ తర్వాత గుజరాత్‌లో అంకలేశ్వర్, కలోల్, ఖంబాత్. 1974లో సముద్రం మధ్యలో ముంబై హై దొరికింది, అదే పెద్ద క్షేత్రం. తర్వాత రాజస్థాన్‌లో బార్మేర్ (మంగళ, 2004), తూర్పు తీరంలో కృష్ణా-గోదావరి, కావేరి. అయినా మనకు కావాల్సిన ముడి చమురులో దాదాపు 88 శాతం (2023–24) బయటి నుంచే: పది లీటర్లు కావాలంటే ఒక్క లీటరు మాత్రమే మన బావిది అనుకోండి. (→ English: Digboi; Mumbai High; import dependence · हिन्दी: डिगबोई; मुंबई हाई; आयात निर्भरता)

In exam EnglishIndia's oil story began in Assam. Oil was struck at Digboi in 1889, and Naharkatiya and Moran in the upper Brahmaputra valley were added in the 1950s. Gujarat came next, with Ankleshwar, Kalol and the fields around the Gulf of Khambhat (Cambay). The turning point came in 1974, when ONGC found oil at Mumbai High, off the Mumbai coast; output began in 1976 and it has long been India's largest oil-producing field. Later discoveries opened the Barmer basin of Rajasthan, where the Mangala field was found in 2004, and the Krishna–Godavari and Cauvery basins on the east coast. Domestic output still meets only a small part of demand: the Petroleum Planning and Analysis Cell put India's import dependence for crude oil at close to 88 per cent in 2023–24.

సహజ వాయువు తరచు చమురుతో పాటు దొరుకుతుంది: ముంబై తీరం, కృష్ణా-గోదావరి బేసిన్, అస్సాం, త్రిపుర. ఇది బొగ్గు కంటే శుభ్రంగా మండుతుంది, ఎరువుల తయారీకి ముడిసరుకు కూడా; అందుకే ఎరువుల కర్మాగారాలు, విద్యుత్ కేంద్రాలు, నగర గ్యాస్ నెట్‌వర్క్‌లు. బావి ఒకచోట, వాడేవాళ్లు మరోచోట, కాబట్టి పైపులే దారి: మొదటిది హజీరా-విజయపూర్-జగదీశ్‌పూర్ (HVJ), GAIL వేసింది; ఊరికి నీటి పైపులైన్ లాగా. విదేశీ వాయువు ద్రవ రూపంలో (LNG) దహేజ్ లాంటి రేవులకు వస్తుంది. (→ English: natural gas; HVJ pipeline; LNG · हिन्दी: प्राकृतिक गैस; एचवीजे पाइपलाइन; एलएनजी)

In exam EnglishNatural gas often occurs with oil. Its main sources are the offshore fields off Mumbai (Mumbai High and Bassein), the Krishna–Godavari basin and smaller fields in Assam and Tripura. Gas burns more cleanly than coal and is a raw material for fertiliser; its chief users are fertiliser plants, power stations and city gas networks. Gas first moved across the country through the HVJ pipeline, whose initials stand for the places it joined: Hazira (Gujarat), Vijaipur (Madhya Pradesh) and Jagdishpur (Uttar Pradesh). GAIL was formed in 1984 to build and run it, and fertiliser and power plants were set up along the line. Imported gas arrives as liquefied natural gas (LNG) at terminals such as Dahej, the first, and Hazira in Gujarat and Kochi in Kerala. Official policy targets a rise in natural gas's slice of primary energy, now around six per cent, to 15 per cent by 2030.

కొన్ని రాళ్లు వాయువును సులువుగా వదలవు. కోల్ బెడ్ మీథేన్ బొగ్గు పొరల్లోనే అంటుకుని ఉంటుంది; పొరలోని నీటిని తోడేస్తే ఒత్తిడి తగ్గి వాయువు బయటికి వస్తుంది, సోడా సీసా మూత తీస్తే బుడగలు వచ్చినట్టు. రాణిగంజ్, ఝరియా, సోహాగ్‌పూర్ ప్రాంతాల్లో ఉంది. షేల్ గ్యాస్ సన్నని షేల్ రాయిలో బందీ; అడ్డంగా తవ్వి, అధిక ఒత్తిడి నీటితో రాయిని పగలగొట్టి తీస్తారు. ఎక్కువ నీరు, భూగర్భజల కాలుష్య భయం వల్ల ఉత్పత్తి దాదాపు లేదు. (→ English: coal-bed methane; shale gas · हिन्दी: कोल-बेड मीथेन; शेल गैस)

In exam EnglishTwo unconventional sources hold gas in rock that gives it up only with effort. coal-bed methane is methane clinging to the coal inside the seams themselves; it is released by pumping water out of the seam, which lowers the pressure and frees the gas. With its large Gondwana coal deposits, India has offered such blocks in the Damodar valley, including Raniganj and Jharia, and in the Son valley around Sohagpur, and commercial production began in the Raniganj area. Shale gas is locked inside fine-grained shale and is freed by drilling sideways and cracking the rock with water at very high pressure. Shale gas production is negligible so far, partly because the method uses a great deal of water and raises fears of groundwater pollution.

ముడి చమురును రిఫైనరీలో పెట్రోల్, డీజిల్, LPG గా వేరు చేస్తారు. పాతది డిగ్బోయ్ (1901), మొదటి ప్రభుత్వ రిఫైనరీ గువాహటి (1962), ప్రపంచంలోనే పెద్ద ఒకే చోటి సముదాయం జామ్‌నగర్. కొన్ని రేవుల దగ్గర, కొన్ని మార్కెట్ల దగ్గర (మథుర, పానిపత్). వ్యూహాత్మక పెట్రోలియం నిల్వ అంటే కష్టకాలం కోసం దాచిన చమురు: ఇంట్లో కరువు రోజుల కోసం బియ్యం బస్తా దాచినట్టు; విశాఖపట్నం, మంగళూరు, పాదూర్‌లో రాతి గుహల్లో ఉంది. (→ English: refinery; strategic petroleum reserve · हिन्दी: रिफ़ाइनरी; सामरिक पेट्रोलियम भंडार)

In exam EnglishRefineries turn crude oil into petrol, diesel, LPG and other fuels. Digboi in Assam, refining since 1901, is the oldest refinery still at work in India, and the first public-sector refinery opened at Guwahati in 1962. Some refineries stand near oilfields or on the coast where crude is landed, such as Jamnagar, Koyali, Mumbai, Kochi, Visakhapatnam, Paradip and Mangaluru; others were placed inland close to big markets and are fed by pipeline, such as Mathura, Panipat, Barauni and Bina. Jamnagar in Gujarat, run by Reliance, is the largest refining complex on a single site in the world. As a buffer against supply shocks, Indian Strategic Petroleum Reserves Ltd keeps crude in underground rock caverns at three coastal sites, which together form India's strategic petroleum reserve (see the table); a second phase plans new caverns at Chandikhol in Odisha and a larger facility at Padur.
India's strategic petroleum reserves (phase I)
SiteStateCapacity
VisakhapatnamAndhra Pradesh1.33 million tonnes
MangaluruKarnataka1.5 million tonnes
PadurKarnataka2.5 million tonnes
Total5.33 million tonnes of crude oil in underground rock caverns

బొగ్గు బరువు, తరలించడం ఖరీదు; అందుకే చాలా థర్మల్ కేంద్రాలు గని దగ్గరే: సింగ్రౌలీ, కోర్బా, తాల్చేర్, రామగుండం. బియ్యం మిల్లు పొలాల మధ్యే పెట్టినట్టు, ముడిసరుకు దగ్గర కర్మాగారం. కొన్ని తీరంలో దిగుమతి బొగ్గు కోసం (ముంద్రా), కొన్ని నగరాల దగ్గర. గ్యాస్ కేంద్రాలు HVJ పైపు వెంట (కవాస్, అంతా, ఔరైయా, దాద్రి). NTPC 1975. మన విద్యుత్తులో దాదాపు మూడొంతులు బొగ్గుదే (2023–24). (→ English: thermal power; pithead · हिन्दी: तापीय विद्युत; खान-मुहाना)

In exam EnglishThermal stations burn coal, gas or oil to raise steam that drives turbines. Coal is bulky and costly to haul, so many big coal stations stand at the pithead, on or beside the coalfields: Singrauli on the Madhya Pradesh–Uttar Pradesh border, Korba in Chhattisgarh, Talcher in Odisha and Ramagundam in Telangana. Others sit on the coast to burn imported coal, like Mundra in Gujarat, or near large cities that use the power, with coal brought in by rail. Gas-based stations such as Kawas in Gujarat, Anta in Rajasthan and Auraiya and Dadri in Uttar Pradesh were sited along the HVJ pipeline. NTPC Ltd, set up in 1975 as the National Thermal Power Corporation, is India's largest power producer. The Central Electricity Authority's figures show that coal-based stations generated roughly three-quarters of India's electricity in 2023–24.

జల విద్యుత్తుకు నిరంతర ప్రవాహం, ఎత్తు నుంచి పడే నీరు కావాలి; అందుకే మంచు నదులు, నిటారు లోయలు ఉన్న హిమాలయాల్లో, ముఖ్యంగా అరుణాచల్‌లో ఎక్కువ సామర్థ్యం. మొదటిది సిద్రాపోంగ్ (1897), తర్వాత శివనసముద్రం (1902). భాక్రా నంగల్, హీరాకుడ్, నాగార్జునసాగర్, టెహ్రీ, సర్దార్ సరోవర్: కరెంటుతో పాటు సాగునీరు. ద్వీపకల్పంలో వర్షపు నీటి ఆనకట్టలు (కోయ్నా, ఇడుక్కి), వాన తగ్గితే కరెంటు తగ్గుతుంది. 25 MW వరకు చిన్న జల విద్యుత్. డ్యామ్ అంటే నీళ్ల ట్యాంకు పైన పెట్టి కుళాయి తిప్పినట్టు: ఎంత ఎత్తు అంత ఒత్తిడి. (→ English: hydroelectricity; small hydro · हिन्दी: जलविद्युत; लघु जलविद्युत)

In exam EnglishHydroelectricity comes from falling water. It needs a steady flow and a good head, that is, a big drop in height, which is why the Himalaya, with snow-fed rivers and steep valleys, holds most of India's hydro potential, much of it in Arunachal Pradesh and the rest of the north-east and still unused. India's first hydro station was built at Sidrapong near Darjeeling in 1897, and Shivanasamudra on the Kaveri in Karnataka followed in 1902. Large multipurpose dams such as Bhakra Nangal (Satluj), Hirakud (Mahanadi), Nagarjuna Sagar (Krishna), Tehri (Bhagirathi) and Sardar Sarovar (Narmada) combine power with irrigation and flood control. In the Peninsula, stations depend mainly on heavy monsoon rain stored behind dams, as at Koyna in Maharashtra and Idukki in Kerala, so their output rises and falls with the monsoon. Projects of up to 25 MW count as small hydro and fall under the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy; since 2019, larger projects have also been declared a renewable source.

అణు విద్యుత్: బరువైన అణువులను చీల్చి వేడి పుట్టించడం. మొదటిది తారాపూర్ (మహారాష్ట్ర, 1969); తర్వాత రావత్‌భాటా, కల్పాక్కం, నరోరా, కాక్రాపార్, కైగా, కూడంకుళం (రష్యా సాయంతో). చల్లబరచడానికి బోలెడు నీరు కావాలి, అందుకే తీరంలో లేదా జలాశయం పక్కన. మూడు దశలు: యురేనియం, తర్వాత ప్లుటోనియం (కల్పాక్కం బ్రీడర్), చివరకు మోనజైట్ ఇసుకలోని థోరియం; ఒక పంట కొయ్యలతో తర్వాతి పంటకు ఎరువు చేసినట్టు. మన కరెంటులో అణు వాటా సుమారు మూడు శాతమే. (→ English: nuclear power; three-stage programme; monazite · हिन्दी: नाभिकीय ऊर्जा; त्रि-चरणीय कार्यक्रम; मोनाज़ाइट)

In exam EnglishNuclear power releases heat by splitting heavy atoms. India's first nuclear power station opened at Tarapur in Maharashtra in 1969, and others followed at Rawatbhata in Rajasthan, Kalpakkam in Tamil Nadu, Narora in Uttar Pradesh, Kakrapar in Gujarat, Kaiga in Karnataka and Kudankulam in Tamil Nadu, the last built with Russian help. The stations are run by the Nuclear Power Corporation of India Ltd. A site needs abundant cooling water, so many stations lie on the coast or beside a large reservoir or canal, away from dense population. The programme follows Homi Bhabha's three stages, met in Part 2: pressurised heavy water reactors burn natural uranium and produce plutonium; fast breeder reactors, starting with the Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor at Kalpakkam, use that plutonium and turn thorium into uranium-233; and the third stage is meant to run on thorium, which India holds in monazite sands. Nuclear plants supply only about three per cent of India's electricity.

పునరుత్పాదక ఇంధనం అంటే తరిగిపోని వనరులు: ఎండ, గాలి, నీరు, చెరకు పిప్పి. సౌర ప్లాంట్లకు ఎండ, చౌక ఖాళీ భూమి కావాలి: రాజస్థాన్, గుజరాత్ ముందు; భడ్లా, పావగడ, ఖావడా. గాలిమరలకు బలమైన స్థిర గాలి: గుజరాత్, తమిళనాడు (ముప్పందల్). బావిలో నీరు తోడితే తగ్గుతుంది, కానీ వాన ప్రతి ఏడాది వస్తుంది: ఇది ఆ వాన లాంటిది. 2030 కి 500 GW శిలాజేతర సామర్థ్యం లక్ష్యం. అంతర్జాతీయ సౌర కూటమి 2015, ప్రధాన కార్యాలయం గురుగ్రామ్. (→ English: renewable energy; non-fossil capacity; International Solar Alliance · हिन्दी: नवीकरणीय ऊर्जा; गैर-जीवाश्म क्षमता; अंतरराष्ट्रीय सौर गठबंधन)

In exam Englishrenewable energy has grown faster than any other source since the National Solar Mission began in 2010. Solar plants need strong sunshine and cheap open land, so Rajasthan and Gujarat lead, with large parks at Bhadla in Jodhpur district and at Pavagada in Karnataka, and a vast renewable energy park is being built at Khavda in Kutch. Wind farms need strong, steady winds, found along the coasts and through gaps in the Western Ghats, so Gujarat and Tamil Nadu, where the Muppandal area near Kanyakumari is well known, have the most wind capacity. Bio-energy comes from sugar-mill bagasse, crop waste and biogas. At the Glasgow climate summit in 2021 India pledged 500 GW of non-fossil electricity capacity by 2030. Abroad, India and France launched the International Solar Alliance at the Paris climate summit in 2015, with its headquarters at Gurugram.
Where India's power stations are located, and why
SourceLocation logicExamples
Coal (thermal)At the pithead, on the coast for imported coal, or near citiesSingrauli, Korba, Talcher, Ramagundam, Mundra
Gas (thermal)Along gas pipelinesKawas, Anta, Auraiya, Dadri on the HVJ line
HydroSteady flow and a big drop in heightBhakra Nangal, Tehri, Koyna, Idukki
NuclearPlenty of cooling water, away from dense populationTarapur, Rawatbhata, Kalpakkam, Kudankulam
SolarStrong sunshine and cheap open landBhadla (Rajasthan), Pavagada (Karnataka), Khavda (Gujarat)
WindStrong, steady winds on coasts and through hill gapsGujarat; Muppandal (Tamil Nadu)

ఖనిజాలు మళ్లీ పెరగవు, శిలాజ ఇంధనాలు భూమిని వేడి చేస్తాయి; కాబట్టి పొదుపు అవసరం. ఖనిజాలకు: పాత ఇనుము రీసైక్లింగ్, ప్రత్యామ్నాయాలు, తక్కువ గ్రేడ్ ఖనిజాన్ని మెరుగుపరచడం, గని తర్వాత నేలను బాగుచేయడం. శక్తికి: ఇంధన సంరక్షణ చట్టం 2001, BEE స్టార్ లేబుల్‌లు (ఫ్రిజ్ మీద నక్షత్రాలు చూసే ఉంటారు), PAT పథకం, 2022 లో కార్బన్ క్రెడిట్ వ్యాపారం, ఉజాలా LED బల్బులు. (→ English: energy conservation; Bureau of Energy Efficiency · हिन्दी: ऊर्जा संरक्षण; ऊर्जा दक्षता ब्यूरो)

In exam EnglishMinerals cannot be grown back and fossil fuels warm the climate, so conserving both is part of planning. For minerals, conservation means recycling scrap metal, finding substitutes, upgrading low-grade ores so less is thrown away, and mining in ways that restore the land afterwards; the Indian Bureau of Mines gives star ratings to mines that follow a sustainable development framework. For energy, the Energy Conservation Act, 2001 created the Bureau of Energy Efficiency, which runs star labels for appliances, energy codes for buildings and the Perform, Achieve and Trade scheme, under which energy-hungry industries receive efficiency targets and can trade certificates for extra savings. An amendment in 2022 added a carbon credit trading scheme. The UJALA programme launched in 2015 spread LED bulbs across the country on a huge scale.

మూడు భాగాలూ ఒకే గొలుసు: భూగర్భ శాస్త్రం మనకు ఏముందో నిర్ణయిస్తుంది (పాత రాళ్లలో లోహాలు, గోండ్వానాలో బొగ్గు, కొత్త అవక్షేపాల్లో కొంచెం చమురు). అందుకే బొగ్గు సమృద్ధి, చమురు దిగుమతి. విద్యుత్ కేంద్రాలు తమ ఇంధనం లేదా నీటి వెంటే: బొగ్గు గని దగ్గర, గ్యాస్ పైపు వెంట, జలం కొండల్లో, అణు నీటి పక్కన, సౌర-పవన ఎండ, గాలి ఉన్నచోట. చేను దగ్గర కొట్టం కట్టినట్టే, వనరు దగ్గర కేంద్రం. ఇప్పుడు మార్పు తరిగే ఇంధనాల నుంచి తరగని వాటి వైపు. (→ English: mineral and energy resources of India · हिन्दी: भारत के खनिज और ऊर्जा संसाधन)

In exam EnglishThe three parts of this chapter form one chain of reasoning. Geology decides what India has: old Peninsular rocks rich in metals, Gondwana basins full of coal, and younger sedimentary basins with modest oil and gas. That endowment shapes India's energy pattern: abundant coal for power, and a heavy import bill for oil and gas that pipelines, coastal refineries and strategic reserves are designed to manage. Power stations follow their fuel or their water: coal stations at the pithead, gas stations along pipelines, hydro stations in the Himalaya and the Ghats, nuclear stations beside cooling water, and solar and wind farms where sun and wind are strongest. The change now under way is from finite fuels to renewable ones, with efficiency and recycling stretching what remains.

Exam traps

Recap

Practice questions

Q1. Which one of the following places has the oldest oil refinery still working in India?

  1. Guwahati
  2. Digboi
  3. Barauni
  4. Jamnagar
Show answer

Answer: B. Digboi

Digboi in Assam has been refining since 1901. Guwahati (1962) was the first public-sector refinery, not the oldest; Barauni in Bihar came later still; Jamnagar is the largest single-site refining complex, not the oldest.

Q2. Consider the following statements about India's strategic petroleum reserves:
1. They store crude oil in underground rock caverns.
2. All three working reserves are located on the east coast.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

  1. 1 only
  2. 2 only
  3. Both 1 and 2
  4. Neither 1 nor 2
Show answer

Answer: A. 1 only

Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is wrong: only Visakhapatnam is on the east coast; Mangaluru and Padur are in Karnataka on the west coast. So '2 only' and 'both' accept a wrong statement, and 'neither' rejects a correct one.

Q3. Match List I (oilfield) with List II (state):
List I: A. Mangala B. Naharkatiya C. Ankleshwar
List II: 1. Assam 2. Gujarat 3. Rajasthan
Select the correct answer using the code given below:

  1. A-3, B-1, C-2
  2. A-1, B-3, C-2
  3. A-2, B-1, C-3
  4. A-3, B-2, C-1
Show answer

Answer: A. A-3, B-1, C-2

Mangala is in the Barmer basin of Rajasthan, Naharkatiya in the upper Brahmaputra valley of Assam, and Ankleshwar in Gujarat. The second code puts Mangala in Assam, the third puts it in Gujarat, and the fourth puts Naharkatiya in Gujarat and Ankleshwar in Assam.

Q4. The Hazira–Vijaipur–Jagdishpur pipeline passes through which of the following groups of states?

  1. Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh and Bihar
  2. Gujarat, Rajasthan and Haryana
  3. Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh
  4. Gujarat, Maharashtra and Chhattisgarh
Show answer

Answer: C. Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh

Hazira is in Gujarat, Vijaipur in Madhya Pradesh and Jagdishpur in Uttar Pradesh. The other groups name states that do not hold any of the three points: Maharashtra, Bihar, Rajasthan, Haryana and Chhattisgarh are not the line's named ends or junction.

Q5. Consider the following statements:
1. India's first nuclear power station began working at Tarapur in 1969.
2. The Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor is located at Kudankulam.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

  1. 1 only
  2. 2 only
  3. Both 1 and 2
  4. Neither 1 nor 2
Show answer

Answer: A. 1 only

Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is wrong: the Prototype Fast Breeder Reactor is at Kalpakkam; Kudankulam has reactors built with Russian help. So '2 only' and 'both' accept a wrong statement, and 'neither' rejects a correct one.

Q6. Consider the following statements:
1. India pledged 500 GW of non-fossil electricity capacity by 2030 at the Glasgow climate summit in 2021.
2. The International Solar Alliance has its headquarters in Paris.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

  1. 1 only
  2. 2 only
  3. Both 1 and 2
  4. Neither 1 nor 2
Show answer

Answer: A. 1 only

Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is wrong: the Alliance was launched at the Paris summit in 2015, but its headquarters is at Gurugram in India. So '2 only' and 'both' accept a wrong statement, and 'neither' rejects a correct one.

Q7. Many large coal-based power stations, such as Singrauli and Korba, are located at the pithead mainly because

  1. coal is bulky and costly to transport, so it is cheaper to carry electricity than coal
  2. coalfields receive the heaviest rainfall, which cools the plants
  3. coal can be burnt only within a few kilometres of the mine
  4. the law forbids moving coal by rail
Show answer

Answer: A. coal is bulky and costly to transport, so it is cheaper to carry electricity than coal

Coal is heavy and loses value in long hauls, so power is generated at the mine and sent out by transmission line. Rainfall is not the reason; coal can be and is carried long distances to coastal and city stations; and coal moves by rail on a huge scale, with no legal ban.

Q8. Which one of the following best describes coal-bed methane?

  1. Gas locked in shale rock and released by hydraulic fracturing
  2. Methane held in coal seams and freed by lowering the pressure, often by pumping out water
  3. Natural gas imported in liquid form at coastal terminals
  4. Gas produced from cattle dung in village biogas plants
Show answer

Answer: B. Methane held in coal seams and freed by lowering the pressure, often by pumping out water

Coal-bed methane is held within coal seams and is released when water is pumped out and the pressure falls. The first option describes shale gas, the third liquefied natural gas, and the fourth biogas, a form of bio-energy.

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