Study this in the app →

English · हिन्दी · తెలుగు · தமிழ் · മലയാളം · मराठी · ಕನ್ನಡ

The Peninsular Plateau and the Ghats

मराठीत स्पष्टीकरण

Physiography of India · Part 3 / 4 · Fact-checked on · how we check

Written with AI from the sources listed at the bottom of this page, then fact-checked by a separate AI.

The Peninsular Plateau as an ancient, stable block of Gondwana with its west-to-east tilt; the Central Highlands north of the Narmada (Aravalli, Malwa, Vindhya, Satpura, Bundelkhand, Baghelkhand and Chota Nagpur) and the Narmada and Tapi rift valleys; the Deccan plateau and its lava Traps; the Meghalaya plateau and Karbi Anglong; the Western and Eastern Ghats with their hills, peaks and passes; and the two Ghats compared.

Each idea is explained first in Marathi (मराठी), ending with the English and Hindi exam terms, followed by the same point in exam English. UPSC Prelims is in English or Hindi, so understand it in Marathi and revise it in English.

हिमालय आणि मैदाने पाहिल्यानंतर आता देशातील सर्वात जुनी जमीन, दक्षिणेकडील त्रिकोणातील द्वीपकल्पीय पठार. हा देशाचा भक्कम पाया आहे; बहुतेक भाग 600-900 मीटर उंच, भोवती डोंगररांगा, पश्चिमेला आणि पूर्वेला घाट. हिमालय म्हणजे आता बांधले जाणारे नवे घर, तर पठार म्हणजे कोट्यवधी वर्षे झिजलेली जुनी दगडी पायरी; म्हणून टेकड्या गोलसर, दऱ्या रुंद आणि नद्या संथ. ते कोणत्या बाजूला झुकले आहे हे कळले की नद्या, खनिजे आणि दोन घाटांचा फरक समजतो. (→ English: plateau · हिन्दी: पठार)

In exam EnglishAfter the young Himalaya (Part 1) and the even younger plains (Part 2), this part turns to the oldest land in India, the Peninsular Plateau that fills the triangle south of the plains. It is the solid core of the country: most of the plateau lies between about 600 and 900 m, it is ringed by hill ranges, and its western and eastern edges are marked by the Western and Eastern Ghats. Where the Himalaya are being built today, the plateau has been worn down for hundreds of millions of years, so its hills are rounded, its valleys broad and its rivers slow and mature. Knowing how this block formed and how it is tilted explains why most peninsular rivers flow east, why the Narmada and the Tapi do not, where India's coal and iron lie, and why the two Ghats look and behave so differently.

हे पठार गोंडवाना नावाच्या जुन्या मोठ्या भूभागाचा तुकडा आहे; एकेकाळी ते आफ्रिका, ऑस्ट्रेलिया यांच्याशी जोडलेले होते. त्याचा पाया ग्रॅनाइट, नाइससारखे खूप जुने अग्निजन्य खडक आणि रूपांतरित खडक. याला घड्या पडल्या नाहीत; कडक फळीसारखे तडे गेले. जुनी सिमेंटची फरशी वाकत नाही, फक्त तडे जातात ना, तसे. तड्यांमधला तुकडा वर उचलला गेला तर गट पर्वत, खाली खचला तर खचदरी. खचलेल्या खड्ड्यांत वनस्पतींचे अवशेष कोळसा झाले; दामोदर खोऱ्यात झरिया, राणीगंज. (→ English: igneous rocks, metamorphic rocks, block mountain, rift valley · हिन्दी: आग्नेय शैल, कायांतरित शैल, भ्रंशोत्थ पर्वत, भ्रंश घाटी)

In exam EnglishGeologically the plateau is a fragment of Gondwana, the ancient southern supercontinent in which India sat alongside Africa, Antarctica, Australia and South America. Its foundation is made of very old crystalline igneous rocks and metamorphic rocks such as granite and gneiss, some of them among the oldest rocks on Earth. Unlike the Himalaya, this block has not been squeezed into folds for a very long time; instead it has behaved as a rigid shield that cracked along faults. Where blocks rose between faults they formed block mountains, and where blocks sank they formed troughs and rift valleys. Some of these sunken troughs trapped thick layers of plant debris that turned into coal; the Ministry of Coal notes that these Gondwana basins hold the bulk of India's coal, Jharia and Raniganj in the Damodar valley being examples.

हे पठार सपाट नाही; पश्चिम बाजू उंच आणि पूर्वेकडे उतरते. ताट एका बाजूने उचलून पाणी ओतले की खाली वाहते तसे, महानदी, गोदावरी, कृष्णा, कावेरी पश्चिमेला उगम पावून पूर्वेला बंगालच्या उपसागराला मिळतात आणि त्रिभुज प्रदेश बनवतात. नर्मदा आणि तापी मात्र पश्चिमेला अरबी समुद्रात; त्या तड्यांमुळे बनलेल्या दऱ्यांतून वाहतात. उत्तरेला जमीन गंगेकडे उतरते; चंबळ, बेतवा, केन, सोन उत्तरेकडे वाहतात. (→ English: plateau tilt · हिन्दी: पठार का झुकाव)

In exam EnglishThe block is not level; it is tilted. Its western edge, along the Western Ghats, stands high, and the surface slopes gently down towards the Bay of Bengal. That tilt decides the drainage: the Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri all rise near the west and cross the whole plateau to empty into the Bay of Bengal, building deltas on the east coast. The Narmada and the Tapi are the striking exceptions: they flow west into the Arabian Sea, not because they defy the slope but because they run along rift valleys, troughs formed by faulting, and they end in estuaries rather than deltas. In the north the plateau slopes towards the Ganga plain, so rivers such as the Chambal, Betwa, Ken and Son flow northward to join the Yamuna or the Ganga. The plateau's edges are traced by hills: the Aravalli in the north-west, the Rajmahal hills in the north-east and the Cardamom hills in the far south.

नर्मदेच्या उत्तरेकडचा भाग म्हणजे मध्यवर्ती उच्चभूमी. वायव्य कडेला अरवली, जगातील सर्वात जुन्या घडीच्या पर्वतांपैकी एक; आता झिजून गुजरातकडून दिल्लीकडे तुटक रांगा; सर्वात उंच ठिकाण माउंट अबूवरचे गुरुशिखर. शेजारी माळवा पठार, चंबळने खोल घळया कापल्या. दक्षिण कडेला विंध्य, नर्मदा खोऱ्याकडे तोंड करून उभा कडा, भिंतीसारखा वाळूचा दगड. पूर्वेला बुंदेलखंड, बघेलखंड. (→ English: escarpment · हिन्दी: कगार)

In exam EnglishNorth of the Narmada, the plateau is known as the Central Highlands. Along its north-western margin lie the Aravalli, one of the world's most ancient fold ranges, eroded today into broken ridges that stretch from Gujarat up towards Delhi; their highest point is Guru Shikhar (1,722 m) on Mount Abu. East of the Aravalli lies the Malwa plateau of western Madhya Pradesh, much of it covered by the same lava flows as the Deccan and drained northward by the Chambal and its tributaries, which have cut deep ravines along their banks. The southern edge of the Central Highlands is the Vindhya range, a steep escarpment of sandstone that overlooks the Narmada valley and continues eastward as the Kaimur hills. Further east lie Bundelkhand, an upland of old granite and gneiss on the Uttar Pradesh-Madhya Pradesh border, and Baghelkhand beyond it.

विंध्य आणि सातपुडा यांच्यामध्ये नर्मदा वाहते; ती खचदरीचे उत्तम उदाहरण आहे. अमरकंटकला उगम पावून पश्चिमेला खंभातच्या आखाताकडे जाते. तिच्या दक्षिणेला सातपुडा, तड्यांमध्ये वर उचललेला गट पर्वत; सर्वात उंच ठिकाण पचमढीजवळचे धूपगड. त्याच्या दक्षिणेला तापी दुसऱ्या समांतर दरीतून पश्चिमेला सुरतजवळ समुद्राला मिळते. दोन टेबलांच्या मधल्या फटीतून पाणी सरळ वाहते तसे. क्रम: उत्तरेकडून विंध्य, नर्मदा, सातपुडा, तापी. (→ English: rift valley, block mountain · हिन्दी: भ्रंश घाटी, भ्रंशोत्थ पर्वत)

In exam EnglishBetween the Vindhya and the next range south runs the Narmada, one of the clearest examples of a rift valley in India. It rises at Amarkantak in the Maikal hills and flows west through a long trough between faults to the Gulf of Khambhat. South of it stand the Satpura, a range usually described as a block mountain raised between faults, which continues eastward as the Mahadeo hills and the Maikal range; its highest point, Dhupgarh, lies near Pachmarhi. South of the Satpura the Tapi flows west through a second, parallel rift valley and reaches the sea near Surat. The pairing is worth fixing in memory: Vindhya, Narmada, Satpura, Tapi, from north to south. These faulted troughs are also why the two westward rivers carry little sediment to the coast and form estuaries instead of deltas.

मध्यवर्ती उच्चभूमीच्या पूर्व टोकाला छोटा नागपूर पठार; बहुतेक झारखंडमध्ये, ओडिशा, छत्तीसगड, बंगालमध्येही. रांची, हजारीबागसारखी छोटी पठारे मिळून बनलेले; ईशान्य कडेला राजमहाल टेकड्या. त्याचे महत्त्व खनिजांमुळे; जुन्या खडकांत लोहखनिज, दामोदर खोऱ्यात झरिया, राणीगंजचा कोळसा. कच्चा माल जिथे तिथेच कारखाना उभारतो तसे, खनिजे जिथे तिथे पोलाद कारखाने वाढले. (→ English: plateau · हिन्दी: पठार)

In exam EnglishAt the eastern end of the Central Highlands lies the Chota Nagpur plateau, centred on Jharkhand and spilling into Odisha, Chhattisgarh and West Bengal. It is made up of several smaller plateaus, such as those around Ranchi and Hazaribagh, separated by rivers, and its north-eastern edge is marked by the Rajmahal hills. Its importance is economic: the ancient rocks of this region hold one of the richest mineral belts in the country, including iron ore, and the Damodar, which flows east through a faulted trough, runs past the coalfields of Jharia and Raniganj. That is why steel plants and heavy industry grew up in and around this plateau, a link that returns in the chapters on mineral resources and industry. The table below lists the main units of the Central Highlands.
Main units of the Central Highlands (north of the Narmada)
UnitWhereKey point
AravalliGujarat to near DelhiVery old, worn-down fold mountains; Guru Shikhar (1,722 m) on Mount Abu
Malwa plateauWestern Madhya PradeshLargely lava-covered; drained north by the Chambal; ravines
VindhyaNorth of the NarmadaSandstone escarpment; continues east as the Kaimur hills
Bundelkhand and BaghelkhandUP-MP border and east of itOld granite and gneiss uplands
Chota Nagpur plateauJharkhand and neighbouring statesMineral belt; Damodar trough with Jharia and Raniganj coal; Rajmahal hills at its edge

नर्मदा आणि सातपुड्याच्या दक्षिणेला दख्खनचे पठार, एक रुंद त्रिकोण; उत्तरेला सातपुडा, पश्चिमेला पश्चिम घाट, पूर्वेला पूर्व घाट. त्याचा वायव्य भाग दख्खन ट्रॅप; सुमारे 6.6 कोटी वर्षांपूर्वी जमिनीच्या भेगांतून लाव्हा थरावर थर वाहून थंड झाला. घराच्या पायऱ्यांसारखे थर दिसतात; 'ट्रॅप' म्हणजे पायरी. हा खडक झिजून काळी माती होते, कापसाला उत्तम. महाराष्ट्र पठार बहुतेक यावरच; कर्नाटकात मलनाड, मैदान; तेलंगणा जुना ग्रॅनाइट. (→ English: Deccan Traps, lava · हिन्दी: दक्कन ट्रैप, लावा)

In exam EnglishSouth of the Narmada and the Satpura lies the Deccan plateau, a broad triangle bounded by the Satpura and its eastern hills in the north, the Western Ghats in the west and the Eastern Ghats in the east. Its north-western part is built of the Deccan Traps, layer upon layer of basalt lava that poured out of long fissures about 66 million years ago, close to the time the dinosaurs died out, according to the US Geological Survey. The flows cooled into flat sheets that weather into a step-like landscape (the word 'trap' comes from the Swedish for stair), and the basalt breaks down into the black soil on which cotton grows well. The Maharashtra plateau lies mostly on these lavas; the Karnataka plateau further south is divided into the hilly, forested Malnad in the west and the rolling Maidan in the east; and the Telangana plateau is formed of old granite and gneiss.

द्वीपकल्पाचा एक तुकडा दूर ईशान्येला आहे. मेघालय (शिलाँग) पठार आणि आसाममधल्या कार्बी आंगलाँग टेकड्या त्याच जुन्या खडकाच्या आहेत; पण राजमहाल आणि गारो टेकड्यांमधील फट (माल्दा फट) त्यांना वेगळे करते, नंतर गंगा, ब्रह्मपुत्रेच्या गाळाने ती भरली. एकाच साडीतून कापलेला तुकडा दूर पडला तरी तेच कापड असते तसे. पश्चिमेकडून गारो, खासी, जैंतिया टेकड्या. दक्षिण बाजू मान्सूनच्या वाऱ्यांना थेट अडवते म्हणून मौसिनराम, चेरापुंजीला प्रचंड पाऊस. (→ English: Meghalaya plateau · हिन्दी: मेघालय पठार)

In exam EnglishPart of the Peninsula lies far to the north-east, cut off from the main block. The Meghalaya or Shillong plateau and the Karbi Anglong hills of Assam are made of the same ancient rocks as the Peninsula, but a gap between the Rajmahal hills and the Garo hills, sometimes called the Garo-Rajmahal or Malda gap, separates them; that gap was later filled with sediment by the Ganga and the Brahmaputra. From west to east the plateau is divided into the Garo, Khasi and Jaintia hills, named after the communities that live there. Its southern face rises steeply above the plains of Bangladesh and catches the monsoon winds head on, so places such as Mawsynram and Cherrapunji (Sohra) receive some of the heaviest rainfall on Earth. Remembering that Meghalaya belongs geologically to the Peninsula, not to the Himalaya, is a favourite exam point.

पश्चिम घाट (महाराष्ट्रात सह्याद्री) तापी खोऱ्यापासून कन्याकुमारीजवळपर्यंत सुमारे 1,600 किमी. हा पठाराचा उचललेला पश्चिम किनारा; समुद्राकडून पाहिला तर भिंतीसारखा उभा कडा, दख्खनच्या बाजूने हळूहळू चढ. कोकणातून घाट चढताना उभा चढ आणि वर देशावर सपाटी लागते तसे. मध्ये काही घाटरस्ते: थळ घाट, बोर घाट (मुंबईहून नाशिक, पुणे), पालघाट खिंड. दक्षिणेकडे उंची वाढते; अनैमुडी (2,695 मी.) द्वीपकल्पात सर्वात उंच, दोड्डाबेट्टा निलगिरीत. गोदावरी, कृष्णा, कावेरी येथेच उगम पावतात. (→ English: escarpment · हिन्दी: कगार)

In exam EnglishThe Western Ghats, called the Sahyadri in Maharashtra, run for about 1,600 km from the Tapi valley in the north to near Kanyakumari in the south. They are the raised western edge of the plateau and face the Arabian Sea as a steep escarpment; seen from the coast they look like a wall, but from the Deccan side they rise only gently. The chain is almost continuous, broken by a few passes: the Thal ghat and the Bhor ghat carry roads and railways from Mumbai to Nashik and Pune, and the Palghat (Palakkad) gap in Kerala links the Kerala coast with Coimbatore. Heights increase towards the south, where the Nilgiris, the Anaimalai, the Palani and the Cardamom hills cluster; Anamudi (2,695 m), in the Anaimalai hills of Kerala, is the highest point of peninsular India; the Nilgiris rise to 2,637 m at Doddabetta. The Godavari, the Krishna and the Kaveri all rise in these hills.

पूर्व घाट वेगळ्या प्रकारचे. ओडिशातील महानदी खोऱ्यापासून आंध्रमार्गे तमिळनाडूपर्यंत, पण एकसंध भिंतीसारखे नाहीत; महानदी, गोदावरी, कृष्णा, कावेरी यांनी त्यांना कापून रुंद फटी केल्या. दात तुटलेल्या फणीसारख्या तुटक रांगा. हे कमी उंचीचे, गोलसर शिखरांचे. ओडिशात महेंद्रगिरी प्रसिद्ध; उत्तर आंध्रातील अरमा कोंडासारखी शिखरे त्याहून उंच. दक्षिणेला नल्लमला, तमिळनाडूत जवादी, शेवरॉय (येरकॉड). शेवटी निलगिरीत पश्चिम घाटाला मिळतात. (→ English: Eastern Ghats · हिन्दी: पूर्वी घाट)

In exam EnglishThe Eastern Ghats are a very different range. They run from the Mahanadi valley in Odisha south-west through Andhra Pradesh to Tamil Nadu, but not as a single wall: the big east-flowing rivers, the Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri, have cut wide gaps through them, leaving a broken line of separate hill groups. They are also lower and older-looking, with rounded summits. In Odisha, Mahendragiri is a well-known high peak, while the Survey of India's maps show some summits in northern Andhra Pradesh, such as Arma Konda, rising higher. Further south lie the Nallamala hills of Andhra Pradesh and, in Tamil Nadu, the Javadi and the Shevaroy hills (with the hill station of Yercaud). At their southern end the Eastern Ghats meet the Western Ghats in the Nilgiris, which therefore form the knot that ties the two ranges together.

दोन घाटांची तुलना केली की सगळे जुळते. पश्चिम घाट उंच आणि सलग; मान्सूनच्या वाऱ्यांना आडवे उभे राहून पश्चिम उतारावर जोरदार प्रतिरोध पर्जन्य आणि दाट जंगले; मागचे पठार पर्जन्यछायेचा प्रदेश. छत्रीची पुढची बाजू ओली आणि मागची कोरडी राहते तसे. इतरत्र न आढळणारे जीव असल्याने श्रीलंकेसह जैवविविधता हॉटस्पॉट; 2012 मध्ये युनेस्को जागतिक वारसा स्थळ. पूर्व घाट तुटक, कमी उंच आणि कोरडे. पुढच्या भागात किनारे आणि बेटे. (→ English: orographic rainfall, rain-shadow area, biodiversity hotspot · हिन्दी: पर्वतीय वर्षा, वृष्टि छाया क्षेत्र, जैव विविधता हॉटस्पॉट)

In exam EnglishComparing the two Ghats ties the part together. The Western Ghats are continuous, higher and steep on the seaward side; they stand across the path of the south-west monsoon, so their western slopes receive heavy orographic rainfall and dense evergreen forest, while the plateau behind lies in a rain-shadow area. Their short west-flowing streams rush down to the Arabian Sea, and the big rivers that rise on their eastern side flow away across the Deccan. Their wet forests are so rich in species found nowhere else that the range is part of a biodiversity hotspot shared with Sri Lanka, and in 2012 it was inscribed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The Eastern Ghats are broken, lower and drier, and are crossed rather than fed by the great rivers. Seen as a whole, the plateau's tilt, its faulted troughs and its two raised rims explain its rivers, its minerals and its rainfall; Part 4 follows those rivers down to the coastal plains and out to the islands.
Western Ghats and Eastern Ghats compared
FeatureWestern GhatsEastern Ghats
ContinuityAlmost continuous; broken by a few passes (Thal, Bhor, Palghat)Broken into separate hill groups by big rivers
HeightHigher; rise towards the southLower, rounded summits
Highest pointAnamudi (2,695 m), highest in peninsular IndiaPeaks of northern Andhra Pradesh and Odisha (Arma Konda, Mahendragiri)
RiversSource of the Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri; short swift west-flowing streamsCut through by the Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna and Kaveri
RainfallHeavy orographic rain on the western slopesMuch drier
BiodiversityHotspot with Sri Lanka; UNESCO World Heritage Site (2012)Less rich and less studied

Exam traps

Recap

Practice questions

Q1. Which of the following is the highest peak in peninsular India?

  1. Doddabetta
  2. Guru Shikhar
  3. Anamudi
  4. Mahendragiri
Show answer

Answer: C. Anamudi

Anamudi (2,695 m), in Kerala's Anaimalai hills, tops the list. Doddabetta (2,637 m) is the highest in the Nilgiris but lower than Anamudi; Guru Shikhar (1,722 m) tops the Aravalli; Mahendragiri is a peak of the much lower Eastern Ghats.

Q2. Consider the following statements:
1. The Narmada flows between the Vindhya and the Satpura ranges.
2. The Tapi flows into the Bay of Bengal after crossing the Deccan.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

  1. 1 only
  2. 2 only
  3. Both 1 and 2
  4. Neither 1 nor 2
Show answer

Answer: A. 1 only

Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is wrong: the Tapi flows west through a rift valley south of the Satpura and reaches the Arabian Sea near Surat. So '2 only' and 'Both' are wrong, and 'Neither' rejects a true statement.

Q3. Why do the Narmada and the Tapi form estuaries instead of deltas?

  1. They are fed only by glaciers
  2. They flow through faulted rift valleys and carry little sediment to the coast
  3. They flow over the Deccan Traps and dissolve the basalt
  4. They enter the Bay of Bengal where tides are absent
Show answer

Answer: B. They flow through faulted rift valleys and carry little sediment to the coast

Both rivers run through rift valleys and bring little sediment to the coast, so they end in estuaries. They are peninsular, rain-fed rivers, not glacier-fed; basalt is not dissolved away by rivers; and they enter the Arabian Sea, not the Bay of Bengal.

Q4. Match the following:
A. Thal ghat
B. Palghat gap
C. Guru Shikhar
D. Dhupgarh
1. Highest point of the Satpura
2. Links the Kerala coast with Coimbatore
3. Highest point of the Aravalli
4. Links Mumbai with Nashik
Select the correct code:

  1. A-4, B-2, C-3, D-1
  2. A-2, B-4, C-3, D-1
  3. A-4, B-2, C-1, D-3
  4. A-1, B-2, C-3, D-4
Show answer

Answer: A. A-4, B-2, C-3, D-1

Thal ghat links Mumbai and Nashik (4), the Palghat gap links Kerala with Coimbatore (2), Guru Shikhar tops the Aravalli (3) and Dhupgarh tops the Satpura (1). The second option swaps the two passes, the third swaps the two peaks, and the fourth matches none of the passes correctly.

Q5. Consider the following statements about the Meghalaya plateau:
1. Geologically it is a part of the Peninsular block.
2. It is separated from the Chota Nagpur region by a gap filled with sediment of the Ganga and the Brahmaputra.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

  1. 1 only
  2. 2 only
  3. Both 1 and 2
  4. Neither 1 nor 2
Show answer

Answer: C. Both 1 and 2

Both are correct: the Meghalaya plateau is made of the same ancient rocks as the Peninsula and is cut off from it by the Garo-Rajmahal (Malda) gap, later filled by Ganga-Brahmaputra sediment. '1 only' and '2 only' each leave out a true statement, and 'Neither' rejects both.

Q6. The Deccan Traps are best described as:

  1. folded sedimentary rocks raised from the Tethys
  2. layers of basalt lava that erupted through fissures about 66 million years ago
  3. glacial deposits left on the plateau during an ice age
  4. coal-bearing Gondwana sandstones of the Damodar valley
Show answer

Answer: B. layers of basalt lava that erupted through fissures about 66 million years ago

The Traps are step-like layers of basalt lava from fissure eruptions about 66 million years ago. Folded Tethys sediments describe the Himalaya, not the Deccan; the Traps are volcanic, not glacial; and the Damodar's coal lies in Gondwana basins, which are a different rock group.

Q7. Consider the following statements:
1. The Eastern Ghats are discontinuous because large east-flowing rivers cut through them.
2. The Eastern and Western Ghats meet in the Nilgiris.
3. The Eastern Ghats receive heavier rainfall on the whole than the Western Ghats.
Which of the statements given above are correct?

  1. 1 and 2 only
  2. 2 and 3 only
  3. 1 and 3 only
  4. 1, 2 and 3
Show answer

Answer: A. 1 and 2 only

Statements 1 and 2 are correct. Statement 3 is wrong: the Western Ghats face the south-west monsoon and get heavy orographic rain, while the Eastern Ghats are much drier. Every other option includes statement 3, so it is wrong.

Q8. Which of the following rivers flows NORTHWARD off the Peninsular Plateau to join the Ganga system?

  1. Mahanadi
  2. Godavari
  3. Tapi
  4. Son
Show answer

Answer: D. Son

The Son flows north off the plateau to join the Ganga. The Mahanadi and the Godavari flow east to the Bay of Bengal, and the Tapi flows west to the Arabian Sea.

← Part 2All partsNext: Part 4 →

Study this in the Upscore app to keep notes, save it for revision, track your practice scores and follow a plan to the exam date. It's free.

Study this in the app →

Sources