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English · हिन्दी · తెలుగు · தமிழ் · മലയാളം · मराठी · ಕನ್ನಡ

Location of industry and the major industries

ಕನ್ನಡದಲ್ಲಿ ವಿವರಣೆ

Industry and transport in India · Part 1 / 4 · Fact-checked on · how we check

Written with AI from the sources listed at the bottom of this page, then fact-checked by a separate AI.

Why industries settle where they do: raw materials, markets, power, labour, policy and Weber's least-cost idea; agglomeration and footloose industries; how industries are classified; and the location of iron and steel, cotton textiles, cement, aluminium, fertilisers, automobiles and information technology.

Each idea is explained first in Kannada (ಕನ್ನಡ), ending with the English and Hindi exam terms, followed by the same point in exam English. UPSC Prelims is in English or Hindi, so understand it in Kannada and revise it in English.

ಕೃಷಿ ಅಧ್ಯಾಯದಲ್ಲಿ ಭೂಮಿ, ಹವಾಮಾನ ಏನು ಬೆಳೆಯುತ್ತದೆ ಎಂದು ನೋಡಿದೆವು. ಈಗ ವಸ್ತುಗಳು ಎಲ್ಲಿ ತಯಾರಾಗುತ್ತವೆ, ಸರಕು ಮತ್ತು ಜನ ಹೇಗೆ ಸಾಗುತ್ತಾರೆ ಎಂಬುದು. ಮೊದಲ ಭಾಗ ಕೈಗಾರಿಕೆಗಳ ಸ್ಥಾನೀಕರಣ: ಉಕ್ಕು ಕಾರ್ಖಾನೆ ಒಂದು ಕಡೆ, ಸಾಫ್ಟ್‌ವೇರ್ ಕಂಪನಿ ಇನ್ನೊಂದು ಕಡೆ ಏಕೆ? ಎರಡನೇ ಭಾಗ ಕೈಗಾರಿಕಾ ಪ್ರದೇಶಗಳು, ಮೂರು, ನಾಲ್ಕನೇ ಭಾಗಗಳು ರಸ್ತೆ, ರೈಲು, ಬಂದರು, ಜಲಮಾರ್ಗ, ವಿಮಾನ, ಕೊಳವೆಮಾರ್ಗ. ಪ್ರತಿ ಕೈಗಾರಿಕೆಗೆ ಮೂರು ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆ: ಯಾವುದರಿಂದ ತಯಾರಾಗುತ್ತದೆ, ಜಾಗವನ್ನು ಯಾವುದು ನಿರ್ಧರಿಸುತ್ತದೆ, ಮುಖ್ಯ ಕೇಂದ್ರಗಳು ಎಲ್ಲಿ. (→ English: location of industry · हिन्दी: उद्योगों की अवस्थिति)

In exam EnglishAgriculture showed how land and climate shape what India grows. This chapter asks where India makes things and how goods and people move between places. Part 1 deals with the location of industry question: why a steel plant stands in one place and a software firm in another, and how India's main industries came to be where they are. Part 2 maps the industrial regions and corridors, and Parts 3 and 4 follow the transport links, from roads and railways to ports, waterways, airways and pipelines, that tie raw materials, factories and markets together. Industrial policy, licensing and the 1991 reforms are taught in the economy chapter; geography asks the spatial question. For each industry the exam wants three things: what it is made from, which pull decides its site, and where its main centres are.

ಊರಿನ ಆಲೆಮನೆ ಕಬ್ಬಿನ ಗದ್ದೆ ಪಕ್ಕದಲ್ಲೇ ಏಕೆ? ಹತ್ತು ಟನ್ ಕಬ್ಬಿನಿಂದ ಸ್ವಲ್ಪ ಬೆಲ್ಲವೇ ಬರುತ್ತದೆ; ಭಾರದ ಕಬ್ಬನ್ನು ದೂರ ಹೊರುವುದು ನಷ್ಟ. ಇದೇ ತೂಕ ಕಳೆದುಕೊಳ್ಳುವ ಕಚ್ಚಾ ವಸ್ತು: ಉಕ್ಕು, ಸಕ್ಕರೆ, ಸಿಮೆಂಟ್ ಕಾರ್ಖಾನೆಗಳು ಗಣಿ ಅಥವಾ ಗದ್ದೆ ಹತ್ತಿರ. ಆದರೆ ತಂಪು ಪಾನೀಯದ ಬಾಟಲಿ, ಬ್ರೆಡ್, ಪೀಠೋಪಕರಣ ತೂಕ ಹೆಚ್ಚುವ ಅಥವಾ ಬೇಗ ಕೆಡುವಂಥವು, ಅದಕ್ಕೇ ಕೊಳ್ಳುವವರ ಹತ್ತಿರ. ವೆಬರ್ (1909) ಹೇಳಿದ್ದು: ಒಟ್ಟು ಸಾಗಣೆ ವೆಚ್ಚ ಕಡಿಮೆಯಾಗುವಲ್ಲೇ ಕಾರ್ಖಾನೆ. ಇದೇ ಕೈಗಾರಿಕೆಗಳ ಸ್ಥಾನೀಕರಣ ಮೂಲ ಸೂತ್ರ. (→ English: location of industry; least-cost theory · हिन्दी: उद्योगों की अवस्थिति; न्यूनतम-लागत सिद्धांत)

In exam EnglishA firm picks a site that keeps its total costs low and its buyers within reach. Physical factors include raw materials, power, water and climate; human and economic factors include labour, markets, transport, capital and government policy. The German economist Alfred Weber, writing in 1909, set out a least-cost theory: a factory settles at the point where the combined cost of bringing in materials and sending out finished goods is lowest. Which pull wins depends on the material. When a material sheds much of its weight in processing, as iron ore and coal do in steel-making or cane does in a sugar mill, the plant moves close to the source. When the product gains weight or bulk, or is fragile or perishable, as with soft drinks, bread or furniture, the plant moves close to its market.

ಬೆಂಗಳೂರಿನ ಚಿಕ್ಕಪೇಟೆ ಬಟ್ಟೆ ಮಾರುಕಟ್ಟೆ ಎಂದುಕೊಳ್ಳಿ: ಒಂದು ಅಂಗಡಿ ಗೆದ್ದರೆ ಪಕ್ಕದಲ್ಲೇ ಇನ್ನೂ ಹತ್ತು ಬರುತ್ತವೆ, ಏಕೆಂದರೆ ಕೊಳ್ಳುವವರು, ದರ್ಜಿಗಳು, ಸರಕು ಮಾರುವವರು ಅಲ್ಲೇ. ಇವೇ ಕೇಂದ್ರೀಕರಣದ ಲಾಭಗಳು. ಸರ್ಕಾರವೂ ಜಾಗ ಬದಲಿಸಬಹುದು: ಹಿಂದುಳಿದ ಪ್ರದೇಶಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಸಾರ್ವಜನಿಕ ಕಾರ್ಖಾನೆಗಳು, ಗುಡ್ಡಗಾಡು, ಈಶಾನ್ಯ ರಾಜ್ಯಗಳಿಗೆ ಪ್ರೋತ್ಸಾಹ, ವಿಶೇಷ ಆರ್ಥಿಕ ವಲಯ, ಕಾರಿಡಾರ್. ಸಾಫ್ಟ್‌ವೇರ್, ಆಭರಣ ತಯಾರಿ ಇಂಥವು ಸ್ಥಳಬದ್ಧವಲ್ಲದ ಕೈಗಾರಿಕೆ: ಕಚ್ಚಾ ವಸ್ತು ಹಗುರ, ಬೆಲೆಬಾಳುವುದು; ನೆಟ್, ವಿದ್ಯುತ್, ಕೌಶಲ ಇದ್ದರೆ ಎಲ್ಲಿ ಬೇಕಾದರೂ. (→ English: agglomeration economies; footloose industry · हिन्दी: समूहन की मितव्ययिताएँ; स्वच्छंद उद्योग)

In exam EnglishTwo more forces shape modern India. Once a few firms gather in one place, newcomers follow because suppliers, trained workers, repair shops, banks and buyers are already there. Geographers call these agglomeration economies, and they explain why a cluster keeps growing long after its first reason has faded. Government policy can also override cost. After independence the state placed public sector plants in backward regions, gave incentives to industry in hill and north-eastern states, and later created special economic zones and industrial corridors. At the other end stands the footloose industry, such as software, electronics assembly or jewellery, whose inputs are light and valuable, so it can settle almost anywhere that offers good communications, steady power and skilled people.

ಕೈಗಾರಿಕೆಗಳನ್ನು ನಾಲ್ಕು ಬಗೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ವಿಂಗಡಿಸುತ್ತೇವೆ. ಕಚ್ಚಾ ವಸ್ತುವಿನ ಪ್ರಕಾರ: ಕೃಷಿ ಆಧಾರಿತ (ಹತ್ತಿ ಬಟ್ಟೆ, ಸಕ್ಕರೆ), ಖನಿಜ ಆಧಾರಿತ (ಉಕ್ಕು, ಸಿಮೆಂಟ್), ಸಮುದ್ರ ಆಧಾರಿತ, ಅರಣ್ಯ ಆಧಾರಿತ (ಕಾಗದ). ಒಡೆತನದ ಪ್ರಕಾರ: ಸಾರ್ವಜನಿಕ, ಖಾಸಗಿ, ಜಂಟಿ, ಸಹಕಾರಿ (ಮಹಾರಾಷ್ಟ್ರದ ಸಕ್ಕರೆ ಕಾರ್ಖಾನೆಗಳು, ಗುಜರಾತಿನ ಹಾಲು ಒಕ್ಕೂಟಗಳು). ಪಾತ್ರದ ಪ್ರಕಾರ: ಉಕ್ಕಿನಂಥ ಮೂಲ ಕೈಗಾರಿಕೆಗಳು ಇತರ ಕೈಗಾರಿಕೆಗಳಿಗೆ; ಗ್ರಾಹಕ ಕೈಗಾರಿಕೆಗಳು ಮನೆಗಳಿಗೆ. ಗಾತ್ರದ ಪ್ರಕಾರ: ದೊಡ್ಡ ಕಾರ್ಖಾನೆಗಳಿಂದ ಅತಿ ಸಣ್ಣ, ಸಣ್ಣ ಉದ್ದಿಮೆಗಳವರೆಗೆ. (→ English: agro-based, mineral-based, basic and consumer industries · हिन्दी: कृषि-आधारित, खनिज-आधारित, आधारभूत और उपभोक्ता उद्योग)

In exam EnglishIndustries are grouped in several ways. By raw material they are agro-based (cotton and jute textiles, sugar, vegetable oil), mineral-based (iron and steel, cement, aluminium), marine-based, or forest-based (paper, furniture). By ownership they belong to the public sector, the private sector, the joint sector, or the cooperative sector, such as the sugar factories of Maharashtra and the dairy unions of Gujarat. By role, basic or key industries such as steel feed other industries, while consumer industries make goods for households. By size they range from large plants down to micro, small and medium enterprises, whose legal definition is taught in the economy chapter.

ಒಂದು ಟನ್ ಉಕ್ಕಿಗೆ ಕಬ್ಬಿಣದ ಅದಿರು, ಕೋಕಿಂಗ್ ಕಲ್ಲಿದ್ದಲು, ಸುಣ್ಣದಕಲ್ಲು ಸೇರಿ ಹಲವು ಟನ್ ಬೇಕು. ಅಷ್ಟು ಭಾರ ದೂರ ಸಾಗಿಸಿದರೆ ಖರ್ಚು ಹೆಚ್ಚು, ಅದಕ್ಕೇ ಉಕ್ಕು ಕಾರ್ಖಾನೆ ಗಣಿಗಳ ಹತ್ತಿರ. ಛೋಟಾ ನಾಗಪುರ ಪ್ರಸ್ಥಭೂಮಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಕಬ್ಬಿಣ, ಕಲ್ಲಿದ್ದಲು ಹತ್ತಿರ ಹತ್ತಿರ: ಜಾರ್ಖಂಡ್, ಒಡಿಶಾ, ಛತ್ತೀಸ್‌ಗಢ, ಬಂಗಾಳ. ಜಮ್‌ಶೆಡ್‌ಪುರ (ಟಾಟಾ, 1907) ನೋಡಿ: ಅದಿರು, ಕಲ್ಲಿದ್ದಲು ಹತ್ತಿರ, ಎರಡು ನದಿಗಳ ನೀರು, ಕೋಲ್ಕತ್ತಾ ಬಂದರಿಗೆ ರೈಲು. ಅದಿರು ಕರಗಿಸುವುದರಿಂದ ಉಕ್ಕಿನ ತಗಡಿನವರೆಗೆ ಎಲ್ಲ ಒಂದೇ ಕಡೆ ಮಾಡಿದರೆ ಅದು ಸಮಗ್ರ ಉಕ್ಕು ಸ್ಥಾವರ. (→ English: integrated steel plant · हिन्दी: एकीकृत इस्पात संयंत्र)

In exam EnglishIron and steel is the basic industry of industrial growth and the clearest case of an industry tied to its materials. A blast furnace needs iron ore, coking coal and limestone, with manganese and dolomite as additives, and it consumes several tonnes of these heavy, bulky materials for every tonne of steel. Steel plants are therefore drawn to the Chota Nagpur plateau and its margins in Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattisgarh and West Bengal, where iron ore and coal lie close together. Jamshedpur, where the Tata Iron and Steel Company (founded in 1907) built its works, shows the logic: ore and coal within reach, water from the Subarnarekha and Kharkai rivers, and a rail line to the port of Kolkata. An integrated steel plant carries out every stage on one site, from smelting the ore to rolling finished steel.

ಸ್ವಾತಂತ್ರ್ಯದ ನಂತರ ಎರಡನೇ ಪಂಚವಾರ್ಷಿಕ ಯೋಜನೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ವಿದೇಶಿ ನೆರವಿನಿಂದ ಮೂರು ದೊಡ್ಡ ಉಕ್ಕು ಕಾರ್ಖಾನೆಗಳು: ಭಿಲಾಯ್ (ಸೋವಿಯತ್), ರೂರ್ಕೆಲಾ (ಪಶ್ಚಿಮ ಜರ್ಮನಿ), ದುರ್ಗಾಪುರ (ಬ್ರಿಟನ್); ನಂತರ ಬೊಕಾರೋ (ಸೋವಿಯತ್). ಇವನ್ನು ಈಗ ಸೈಲ್ (1973) ನಡೆಸುತ್ತದೆ. ವಿಶಾಖಪಟ್ಟಣ ಕರಾವಳಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಕಟ್ಟಿದ ಮೊದಲ ಸಮಗ್ರ ಸ್ಥಾವರ: ನಮ್ಮ ಕೋಕಿಂಗ್ ಕಲ್ಲಿದ್ದಲು ಕಡಿಮೆ, ಬೂದಿ ಹೆಚ್ಚು, ಅದಕ್ಕೇ ಹಡಗಿನಲ್ಲಿ ತರಿಸಬಹುದು. ಸಣ್ಣ ಉಕ್ಕು ಕಾರ್ಖಾನೆಗಳು ಹಳೆಯ ಕಬ್ಬಿಣ ಕರಗಿಸುತ್ತವೆ, ಮಾರುಕಟ್ಟೆ ಹತ್ತಿರ. ಉಕ್ಕಿನಲ್ಲಿ ಚೀನಾದ ನಂತರ ನಾವು ಎರಡನೇ ಸ್ಥಾನ; 2030–31ರೊಳಗೆ 300 ದಶಲಕ್ಷ ಟನ್ ಗುರಿ. (→ English: Steel Authority of India; mini steel plant · हिन्दी: स्टील अथॉरिटी ऑफ़ इंडिया; लघु इस्पात संयंत्र)

In exam EnglishAfter independence the state built the large plants of the Second Five Year Plan with foreign help: Bhilai in present-day Chhattisgarh with the Soviet Union, Rourkela in Odisha with West Germany and Durgapur in West Bengal with Britain. Bokaro in Jharkhand followed, also with Soviet help. The Steel Authority of India Limited (SAIL), formed in 1973, now runs these plants. Visakhapatnam, run by Rashtriya Ispat Nigam, was the first integrated plant built on the coast, so it can bring in coking coal by sea; India's own coking coal is limited and high in ash. Alongside the big plants, mini steel plants melt scrap and sponge iron in electric furnaces and can be sited near markets almost anywhere. India is now the world's second-largest producer of crude steel after China, and the National Steel Policy, 2017 aims at 300 million tonnes of capacity by 2030–31.

ಹತ್ತಿ ಬಟ್ಟೆ ಕೈಗಾರಿಕೆಯ ಕತೆ: ಮೊದಲ ಯಶಸ್ವಿ ಗಿರಣಿ 1854ರಲ್ಲಿ ಬಾಂಬೆಯಲ್ಲಿ. ಬಾಂಬೆ, ಅಹಮದಾಬಾದ್ ನೂರು ವರ್ಷ ಮುಂದೆ: ಕಪ್ಪು ಮಣ್ಣಿನ ಹತ್ತಿ ಹತ್ತಿರ, ಸಮುದ್ರದ ತೇವದ ಗಾಳಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ನೂಲು ತುಂಡಾಗದು, ಬಂದರಿನ ಮೂಲಕ ಯಂತ್ರ, ರಫ್ತು, ವ್ಯಾಪಾರಿಗಳ ಬಂಡವಾಳ. ಅಹಮದಾಬಾದಿಗೆ 'ಭಾರತದ ಮ್ಯಾಂಚೆಸ್ಟರ್' ಹೆಸರು. ನಂತರ ಕೊಯಮತ್ತೂರು, ಕಾನ್ಪುರ, ಇಂದೋರ್, ಸೂರತ್‌ಗೆ ಹರಡಿತು. 1982ರ ಮುಷ್ಕರದ ನಂತರ ಮುಂಬೈನ ದೊಡ್ಡ ಗಿರಣಿಗಳು ಮುಚ್ಚಿ, ಭಿವಂಡಿ, ಸೂರತ್‌ನಂಥ ಕಡೆ ಸಣ್ಣ ವಿದ್ಯುತ್ ಮಗ್ಗಗಳಿಗೆ ಕೆಲಸ ಹೋಯಿತು. 2021ರ ಪಿಎಂ ಮಿತ್ರ: ಏಳು ದೊಡ್ಡ ಜವಳಿ ಪಾರ್ಕ್‌ಗಳು. (→ English: cotton textile industry; powerloom · हिन्दी: सूती वस्त्र उद्योग; पावरलूम)

In exam EnglishCotton textiles show how the pull on an industry can shift over time. A mill worked at Fort Gloster near Kolkata in 1818, but the first successful mill opened in Bombay in 1854. Bombay and Ahmedabad then led for a century: raw cotton came from the black-soil hinterland, the damp coastal air kept yarn from snapping, the port handled machinery imports and cloth exports, and local merchant capital paid for the mills. Ahmedabad came to be called the Manchester of India. After independence the industry spread towards markets and cheaper power, to Coimbatore and other centres of Tamil Nadu, which leads in spinning, and to Kanpur, Indore and Surat. Many large composite mills in Mumbai closed after the long strike of 1982, and output shifted to small powerloom units in towns such as Bhiwandi, Malegaon and Surat. The PM MITRA scheme of 2021 plans seven large textile parks that bring spinning, weaving, processing and garment-making under one roof.

ಸಿಮೆಂಟಿಗೆ ಸುಣ್ಣದಕಲ್ಲು ಮುಖ್ಯ, ತಯಾರಿಕೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ತೂಕ ಕಡಿಮೆಯಾಗುತ್ತದೆ, ಅದಕ್ಕೇ ಸುಣ್ಣದಕಲ್ಲು ಗಣಿಗಳ ಹತ್ತಿರ ಕಾರ್ಖಾನೆಗಳು. ಮೊದಲ ಸಿಮೆಂಟ್ ಕಾರ್ಖಾನೆ 1904ರಲ್ಲಿ ಮದ್ರಾಸಿನಲ್ಲಿ; ಈಗ ಚೀನಾದ ನಂತರ ನಾವು ಎರಡನೇ ಸ್ಥಾನ. ಅಲ್ಯೂಮಿನಿಯಂಗೆ ಬಾಕ್ಸೈಟ್ ಜೊತೆಗೆ ಬಹಳ ವಿದ್ಯುತ್ ಬೇಕು, ಅದಕ್ಕೇ ಬಾಕ್ಸೈಟ್, ವಿದ್ಯುತ್ ಎರಡೂ ಇರುವಲ್ಲಿ: ಅಂಗುಲ್, ಕೋರ್ಬಾ, ರೇಣುಕೂಟ್. ಸಾರಜನಕ ಗೊಬ್ಬರಕ್ಕೆ ನೈಸರ್ಗಿಕ ಅನಿಲ; 1951ರಲ್ಲಿ ಸಿಂದ್ರಿ ಮೊದಲ ದೊಡ್ಡ ಸಾರ್ವಜನಿಕ ಕಾರ್ಖಾನೆ, ನಂತರ ಅನಿಲ ಕೊಳವೆಮಾರ್ಗದ ಉದ್ದಕ್ಕೂ ಹಲವು. (→ English: cement, aluminium and fertiliser industries · हिन्दी: सीमेंट, एल्युमिनियम और उर्वरक उद्योग)

In exam EnglishSeveral other heavy industries follow their raw materials or their power. Cement is made from limestone, with coal for heat and gypsum to control setting, and it loses weight in making, so plants cluster on the limestone belts of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Chhattisgarh and Gujarat. India's first cement factory came up at Madras in 1904, and India is now the second-largest cement producer after China. Aluminium smelting needs bauxite and vast amounts of electricity, so plants sit near both, as at Angul in Odisha (NALCO), Korba in Chhattisgarh (BALCO) and Renukoot in Uttar Pradesh (Hindalco), close to the Rihand power project. Nitrogen fertilisers are made from natural gas or naphtha. After the first large public sector plant opened at Sindri in present-day Jharkhand in 1951, many plants came up along the gas pipelines from the western offshore fields, such as the HVJ line met in the minerals chapter.
Major industries and the pull that decides their location
IndustryMain inputsMain pullTypical centres
Iron and steelIron ore, coking coal, limestoneRaw materials (weight-losing); coast for imported coalJamshedpur, Bhilai, Rourkela, Durgapur, Bokaro, Visakhapatnam
Cotton textilesRaw cotton, power, labourRaw cotton and port at first; later markets and powerMumbai, Ahmedabad, Coimbatore, Surat, Bhiwandi
CementLimestone, coal, gypsumRaw material (weight-losing)Limestone belts of Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Telangana
AluminiumBauxite, very large amounts of powerRaw material and cheap powerAngul, Korba, Renukoot
Nitrogen fertilisersNatural gas or naphthaGas pipelines and marketsSindri; plants along the gas pipelines
AutomobilesHundreds of componentsSuppliers, skills and marketsChennai, Pune, Gurugram–Manesar, Sanand
Information technologySkilled people, telecom linksFootloose; cities with universitiesBengaluru, Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai, NCR

ಕಾರು ತಯಾರಿಕೆಗೆ ನೂರಾರು ಬಿಡಿಭಾಗಗಳು ಬೇಕು; ಅವನ್ನು ಮಾಡುವ ಸಣ್ಣ ಕಂಪನಿಗಳು ಹತ್ತಿರವೇ ಇರಬೇಕು. ಅದಕ್ಕೇ ಕಾರು ಉದ್ಯಮ ಕೆಲವು ಗುಂಪುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ: ಚೆನ್ನೈ, ಪುಣೆ, ಗುರುಗ್ರಾಮ್, ಸಾಣಂದ್. ಐಟಿ ಸ್ಥಳಬದ್ಧವಲ್ಲದ ಕೈಗಾರಿಕೆಗೆ ಉತ್ತಮ ಉದಾಹರಣೆ: ಕಚ್ಚಾ ವಸ್ತು ಓದಿದ ಜನ, ಉತ್ಪನ್ನ ಇಂಟರ್ನೆಟ್ ತಂತಿಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಸಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಅದಕ್ಕೇ ವಿಶ್ವವಿದ್ಯಾಲಯ, ಉತ್ತಮ ದೂರಸಂಪರ್ಕ ಇರುವ ನಗರಗಳಲ್ಲಿ: ಮೊದಲು ನಮ್ಮ ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು, ನಂತರ ಹೈದರಾಬಾದ್, ಪುಣೆ, ಚೆನ್ನೈ. 1991ರಲ್ಲಿ ಸಾಫ್ಟ್‌ವೇರ್ ಟೆಕ್ನಾಲಜಿ ಪಾರ್ಕ್‌ಗಳು ಶುರುವಾದವು. (→ English: footloose industry; automobile cluster · हिन्दी: स्वच्छंद उद्योग; ऑटोमोबाइल समूह)

In exam EnglishNewer industries are pulled more by markets, skills and suppliers. A car or two-wheeler maker needs hundreds of component suppliers close at hand, so the industry has gathered in a few clusters: around Chennai, around Pune and Aurangabad, in the Gurugram–Manesar belt near Delhi, and at Sanand in Gujarat. Information technology is the textbook footloose industry. Its raw material is skilled people and its product travels down cables, so it settled in cities with universities, research bodies and good telecom links: Bengaluru first, then Hyderabad, Pune, Chennai and the National Capital Region. Software Technology Parks of India, set up in 1991, gave early firms export-oriented sites with satellite data links.

ಸಾರಾಂಶ: ಉಕ್ಕು, ಸಿಮೆಂಟ್, ಅಲ್ಯೂಮಿನಿಯಂನಂಥ ಭಾರದ ಕೈಗಾರಿಕೆಗಳು ಖನಿಜಗಳ ಹತ್ತಿರ (ಛೋಟಾ ನಾಗಪುರ) ಅಥವಾ ಹಡಗು ಬರುವ ಕರಾವಳಿಯಲ್ಲಿ. ಕೃಷಿ ಕೈಗಾರಿಕೆಗಳು ಬೆಳೆಯ ಹತ್ತಿರ ಶುರುವಾಗಿ, ನಂತರ ವಿದ್ಯುತ್, ಮಾರುಕಟ್ಟೆಯ ಜೊತೆ ಹರಡಿದವು. ಹಗುರ, ಬೆಲೆಬಾಳುವ, ಜ್ಞಾನಾಧಾರಿತ ಕೈಗಾರಿಕೆಗಳು ದೊಡ್ಡ ನಗರಗಳಲ್ಲಿ; ಅಲ್ಲಿ ಕೇಂದ್ರೀಕರಣದ ಲಾಭಗಳು ಹೊಸ ಕಂಪನಿಗಳನ್ನು ಸೆಳೆಯುತ್ತಲೇ ಇರುತ್ತವೆ. ಸರ್ಕಾರದ ನೀತಿ ಈ ಮಾದರಿಯನ್ನು ಮತ್ತೆ ಮತ್ತೆ ಬದಲಿಸಿದೆ. (→ English: agglomeration economies · हिन्दी: समूहन की मितव्ययिताएँ)

In exam EnglishThese cases point to a few patterns worth holding on to. Heavy, weight-losing industries such as steel, cement and aluminium stay tied to the mineral belts of the peninsular plateau, above all Chota Nagpur, or to the coast where materials arrive by sea. Agro-based industries began near their crops and later spread with power and markets. Light, high-value and knowledge-based industries cluster in large cities, where agglomeration economies keep drawing new firms. Policy has bent these patterns again and again, from the public sector steel plants of the 1950s to today's parks and corridors. Part 2 builds on this to map India's industrial regions and the corridors now being laid across them.

Exam traps

Recap

Practice questions

Q1. An industry whose raw material loses much of its weight during processing is most likely to be located:

  1. Near the source of the raw material
  2. Near the largest market
  3. Midway between source and market in all cases
  4. Anywhere, since raw materials do not affect location
Show answer

Answer: A. Near the source of the raw material

Carrying a material that will lose most of its weight is wasteful, so the plant moves to the source, as steel and sugar mills do. Market location suits weight-gaining or perishable goods, a midway site is not a general rule, and raw materials clearly do affect location for such industries.

Q2. Which one of the following is the best example of a footloose industry?

  1. Cement
  2. Sugar
  3. Software services
  4. Aluminium smelting
Show answer

Answer: C. Software services

Software depends on skilled people and telecom links, not on heavy raw materials, so it can settle almost anywhere. Cement and sugar are tied to weight-losing raw materials, and aluminium smelting is tied to bauxite and cheap power.

Q3. Match the steel plant with the country that helped build it:
A. Bhilai — 1. Britain
B. Rourkela — 2. Soviet Union
C. Durgapur — 3. West Germany
Select the correct answer using the code given below.

  1. A-2, B-3, C-1
  2. A-3, B-2, C-1
  3. A-2, B-1, C-3
  4. A-1, B-3, C-2
Show answer

Answer: A. A-2, B-3, C-1

Bhilai was built with Soviet help, Rourkela with West Germany and Durgapur with Britain. The second option swaps Bhilai and Rourkela, the third swaps Rourkela and Durgapur, and the fourth gives Bhilai to Britain and Durgapur to the Soviet Union.

Q4. Consider the following statements about the iron and steel industry in India:
1. The Visakhapatnam steel plant was the first integrated steel plant located on the coast.
2. Mini steel plants depend mainly on coking coal mined next to the plant.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

  1. 1 only
  2. 2 only
  3. Both 1 and 2
  4. Neither 1 nor 2
Show answer

Answer: A. 1 only

Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is wrong: mini steel plants melt scrap and sponge iron in electric furnaces, which is why they can be sited near markets. So '2 only' and 'both' accept a wrong statement, and 'neither' rejects a correct one.

Q5. Which of the following helped the early growth of the cotton textile industry around Mumbai and Ahmedabad?
1. Raw cotton from the black-soil hinterland
2. A humid climate that reduced breakage of yarn
3. Port facilities for importing machinery
4. Large local deposits of coking coal
Select the correct answer using the code given below.

  1. 1, 2 and 3 only
  2. 1 and 4 only
  3. 2, 3 and 4 only
  4. 1, 2, 3 and 4
Show answer

Answer: A. 1, 2 and 3 only

Raw cotton, humid air and the port all helped. Statement 4 is wrong: western India has no large coking coal deposits, and coking coal matters for steel, not cotton mills. So every option containing 4 is wrong.

Q6. Aluminium smelters in India, such as the one at Renukoot, are located with special regard to:

  1. Availability of cheap and plentiful electricity
  2. Nearness to cotton-growing areas
  3. Humid coastal climate
  4. Availability of limestone and gypsum
Show answer

Answer: A. Availability of cheap and plentiful electricity

Smelting aluminium uses huge amounts of power, so plants sit near both bauxite and cheap electricity; Renukoot is close to the Rihand power project. Cotton areas and humid air matter for textiles, and limestone and gypsum are cement inputs.

Q7. Consider the following statements:
1. The Tata Iron and Steel Company at Jamshedpur was set up in the public sector.
2. The Steel Authority of India Limited was formed in 1973.
3. India is the world's second-largest producer of crude steel.
Which of the statements given above are correct?

  1. 1 and 2 only
  2. 2 and 3 only
  3. 1 and 3 only
  4. 1, 2 and 3
Show answer

Answer: B. 2 and 3 only

Statements 2 and 3 are correct. Statement 1 is wrong: TISCO (1907) was a private company; the public sector plants came with the Second Plan. So every option containing 1 is wrong.

Q8. The tendency of firms to keep gathering in an existing cluster because suppliers, skilled workers and buyers are already present is called:

  1. Agglomeration economies
  2. Weight-loss ratio
  3. Footloose location
  4. Import substitution
Show answer

Answer: A. Agglomeration economies

These shared benefits of clustering are agglomeration economies. The weight-loss ratio concerns raw materials, footloose location means freedom from raw-material ties, and import substitution is a trade policy, not a location force.

All partsNext: Part 2 →

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Sources