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English · हिन्दी · తెలుగు · தமிழ் · മലയാളം · मराठी · ಕನ್ನಡ

Renewable energy, green hydrogen and energy efficiency

ಕನ್ನಡದಲ್ಲಿ ವಿವರಣೆ

Sustainable development and energy · Part 2 / 3 · Fact-checked on · how we check

Written with AI from the sources listed at the bottom of this page, then fact-checked by a separate AI.

India's clean energy targets and the 2025 milestone; solar, wind, small hydro, bioenergy, geothermal and tidal energy; storage and the Green Energy Corridor; grey, blue and green hydrogen and the National Green Hydrogen Mission; the Energy Conservation Act, BEE, PAT and star labels; biofuels, E20, SATAT and the Global Biofuels Alliance.

Each idea is explained first in Kannada (ಕನ್ನಡ), ending with the English and Hindi exam terms, followed by the same point in exam English. UPSC Prelims is in English or Hindi, so understand it in Kannada and revise it in English.

ಮನೆಯ ಅಡುಗೆಗೆ ಪ್ರತಿ ಸಲ ಕೊಂಡು ತರುವ ಸಿಲಿಂಡರನ್ನೇ ನಂಬಿದರೆ ಹಣವೂ ಹೋಗುತ್ತದೆ, ಹೊಗೆಯೂ ಬರುತ್ತದೆ. ದೇಶದ ಸ್ಥಿತಿಯೂ ಹಾಗೆಯೇ: ವಿದ್ಯುತ್ತಿಗೆ ಹೆಚ್ಚಾಗಿ ಕಲ್ಲಿದ್ದಲು, ವಾಹನಗಳಿಗೆ ಮತ್ತು ಉದ್ಯಮಕ್ಕೆ ಆಮದು ಮಾಡಿದ ತೈಲ, ಅನಿಲ. ಇವು ಗಾಳಿಯನ್ನು ಕೆಡಿಸುತ್ತವೆ, ವಿದೇಶಿ ವಿನಿಮಯವೂ ಖರ್ಚಾಗುತ್ತದೆ. ಬಿಸಿಲು, ಗಾಳಿ, ಹರಿಯುವ ನೀರು, ಜೈವಿಕ ವಸ್ತು ಮತ್ತೆ ಮತ್ತೆ ತುಂಬಿಕೊಳ್ಳುವುದರಿಂದ ಅವುಗಳಿಂದ ಬರುವ ಶಕ್ತಿಯನ್ನು ನವೀಕರಿಸಬಹುದಾದ ಇಂಧನ ಎನ್ನುತ್ತೇವೆ. ಇದಕ್ಕಾಗಿ ಕೇಂದ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ ಪ್ರತ್ಯೇಕ ಸಚಿವಾಲಯವಿದೆ. ಈ ಭಾಗ ಗುರಿಗಳು, ಪ್ರತಿಯೊಂದು ಮೂಲ, ಸಂಗ್ರಹಣೆ, ಹೈಡ್ರೋಜನ್, ಉಳಿತಾಯ, ಸಸ್ಯ ಮತ್ತು ಕಸದಿಂದ ಬರುವ ಇಂಧನಗಳನ್ನು ಕ್ರಮವಾಗಿ ನೋಡುತ್ತದೆ. (→ English: renewable energy; Ministry of New and Renewable Energy · हिन्दी: नवीकरणीय ऊर्जा; नवीन और नवीकरणीय ऊर्जा मंत्रालय)

In exam EnglishEnergy is where the idea of sustainable development from Part 1 is tested hardest. India's demand for electricity keeps rising, and for decades coal has met most of it, with imported oil and gas serving transport and industry. These fuels produce most of the country's greenhouse gases and much of its air pollution, and importing them drains foreign exchange. renewable energy, drawn from sunlight, wind, flowing water and biomass, offers a way out because its sources refill themselves. The nodal ministry is the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, which became a separate ministry in 1992 and took its present name in 2006. This part covers India's targets, each major source, storage, green hydrogen, energy saving, and fuels made from plants and waste.

ಗುರಿಗಳನ್ನು ಎರಡು ಸಲ ಏರಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ: 2015ರಲ್ಲಿ 2022ರೊಳಗೆ 175 GW, ನಂತರ 2021ರಲ್ಲಿ ಗ್ಲಾಸ್ಗೋದಲ್ಲಿ 2030ರೊಳಗೆ 500 GW ಪಳೆಯುಳಿಕೆಯೇತರ ಸಾಮರ್ಥ್ಯ. 2022ರ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯವಾಗಿ ನಿರ್ಧರಿಸಿದ ಕೊಡುಗೆಯ ಪ್ರಕಾರ ಸ್ಥಾಪಿತ ಸಾಮರ್ಥ್ಯದ ಅರ್ಧ ಪಳೆಯುಳಿಕೆಯೇತರವಾಗಬೇಕು; ಇದು 2025ರ ಜೂನ್‌ನಲ್ಲೇ ದಾಟಿತು. ಒಂದು ಉದಾಹರಣೆ: ಊರಿನ ಬಸ್ಸಿನಲ್ಲಿ 50 ಸೀಟು ಇರುವುದು ಸಾಮರ್ಥ್ಯ, ದಿನವೂ ನಿಜವಾಗಿ ಹತ್ತುವವರು ಉತ್ಪಾದನೆ. ಸೌರ ಫಲಕ ರಾತ್ರಿ ಕೆಲಸ ಮಾಡದು, ಗಾಳಿ ಇಲ್ಲದಿದ್ದರೆ ಟರ್ಬೈನ್ ತಿರುಗದು; ಆದ್ದರಿಂದ ಉತ್ಪಾದನೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಅವುಗಳ ಪಾಲು ಸಾಮರ್ಥ್ಯದ ಪಾಲಿಗಿಂತ ತುಂಬಾ ಕಡಿಮೆ, ವಿದ್ಯುತ್ತಿನ ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನ ಭಾಗ ಇನ್ನೂ ಕಲ್ಲಿದ್ದಲಿನಿಂದಲೇ. (→ English: nationally determined contribution; installed capacity; generation; non-fossil · हिन्दी: राष्ट्रीय स्तर पर निर्धारित योगदान; स्थापित क्षमता; उत्पादन; गैर-जीवाश्म)

In exam EnglishIndia's clean energy goals have been raised twice in a decade. In 2015 the government aimed at 175 GW of renewable capacity by 2022. At the Glasgow climate conference in November 2021 it announced 500 GW of non-fossil capacity by 2030, and India's updated nationally determined contribution of August 2022 promised that about half of its installed electric power capacity would be non-fossil by 2030. Non-fossil means renewable energy plus large hydro and nuclear power. The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy reported in July 2025 that this 50 per cent share had been crossed in June 2025, five years early. Capacity, however, is the most plants can produce; generation is what they actually produce. Solar panels work only in daylight and wind turbines only when the wind blows, so the non-fossil share of electricity generated stays well below its share of capacity, and coal still produces most of India's power.

ನಮ್ಮಲ್ಲಿ ವರ್ಷದ ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನ ದಿನ ಚೆನ್ನಾಗಿ ಬಿಸಿಲು ಇರುತ್ತದೆ; ಅದೇ ಸೌರಶಕ್ತಿಯ ಬಲ. 2010ರಲ್ಲಿ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಸೌರ ಮಿಷನ್ ಆರಂಭವಾಗಿ, ಗುರಿಯನ್ನು 2015ರಲ್ಲಿ 100 GWಗೆ ಏರಿಸಲಾಯಿತು. ದೊಡ್ಡ ಘಟಕಗಳಿಗೆ ಸೌರ ಉದ್ಯಾನಗಳು ಭೂಮಿ, ರಸ್ತೆ, ಲೈನು ಸಿದ್ಧವಾಗಿ ಕೊಡುತ್ತವೆ. ಒಬ್ಬ ರೈತನನ್ನು ಊಹಿಸಿ: ಪಿಎಂ-ಕುಸುಮ್ ಅಡಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಅವನ ಬಂಜರು ಭೂಮಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಸಣ್ಣ ಘಟಕ ಹಾಕಬಹುದು, ಸೌರ ಪಂಪು ಬಳಸಬಹುದು. ಪಿಎಂ ಸೂರ್ಯ ಘರ್ ಮನೆಯ ಚಾವಣಿಯ ಫಲಕಕ್ಕೆ ಸಹಾಯಧನ ಕೊಡುತ್ತದೆ. ದೇಶದಲ್ಲೇ ಮಾಡ್ಯೂಲ್ ತಯಾರಿಕೆಗೆ ಪ್ರೋತ್ಸಾಹವಿದೆ. ಹೊರಗೆ, ಭಾರತ ಮತ್ತು ಫ್ರಾನ್ಸ್ 2015ರಲ್ಲಿ ಅಂತರರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಸೌರ ಒಕ್ಕೂಟವನ್ನು ಆರಂಭಿಸಿದವು; ಕೇಂದ್ರ ಕಚೇರಿ ಗುರುಗ್ರಾಮದಲ್ಲಿ. (→ English: National Solar Mission; solar parks; PM-KUSUM; PM Surya Ghar; International Solar Alliance · हिन्दी: राष्ट्रीय सौर मिशन; सौर पार्क; पीएम-कुसुम; पीएम सूर्य घर; अंतरराष्ट्रीय सौर गठबंधन)

In exam EnglishSolar energy is India's largest clean source, helped by strong sunshine on most days of the year. The Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission, launched in January 2010 as one of the eight missions of the National Action Plan on Climate Change, began with a target of 20 GW by 2022, raised to 100 GW in 2015. The solar parks scheme of 2014 gives developers land, roads and transmission lines ready-made. PM-KUSUM (2019) helps farmers in three ways: small solar plants on barren land, stand-alone solar pumps, and solarisation of grid-connected pumps. PM Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana (2024) subsidises rooftop panels for one crore households, which can receive up to 300 units of free electricity a month. A production-linked incentive scheme backs domestic factories for high-efficiency solar modules. Abroad, India and France launched the International Solar Alliance at the Paris conference in 2015; its headquarters is in Gurugram.

ಗಾಳಿಯಂತ್ರ ಒಂದು ದೊಡ್ಡ ಫ್ಯಾನಿನಂತೆಯೇ, ಆದರೆ ಉಲ್ಟಾ: ಗಾಳಿ ರೆಕ್ಕೆಗಳನ್ನು ತಿರುಗಿಸಿದಾಗ ವಿದ್ಯುತ್ ಹುಟ್ಟುತ್ತದೆ. ಗಾಳಿ ಸ್ವಲ್ಪ ವೇಗವಾಗಿ ಬೀಸಿದರೂ ವಿದ್ಯುತ್ ತುಂಬಾ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಬರುತ್ತದೆ, ಆದ್ದರಿಂದ ಜಾಗವೇ ಮುಖ್ಯ. ನೆಲದ ಮೇಲೆ ಕರಾವಳಿ, ಪ್ರಸ್ಥಭೂಮಿ, ಪಶ್ಚಿಮ ಘಟ್ಟದ ಕಣಿವೆಗಳು; ಸಮುದ್ರದಲ್ಲಿ ಗಾಳಿ ಬಲವಾಗಿರುತ್ತದೆ, ಆದರೆ ಖರ್ಚು ಹೆಚ್ಚು. ಗುಜರಾತ್ ಮತ್ತು ತಮಿಳುನಾಡು ಮುಂದಿವೆ. 2015ರಲ್ಲಿ ಕಡಲಾಚೆಯ ಪವನ ಶಕ್ತಿ ನೀತಿ, 2018ರಲ್ಲಿ ಪವನ-ಸೌರ ಮಿಶ್ರ ನೀತಿ ಬಂದವು. ಬಿಸಿಲು ಮಧ್ಯಾಹ್ನ, ಗಾಳಿ ಸಂಜೆ, ರಾತ್ರಿ, ಮಳೆಗಾಲದಲ್ಲಿ; ಒಂದೇ ಭೂಮಿ, ಒಂದೇ ಲೈನು ಹಂಚಿಕೊಂಡರೆ ಒಂದರ ಕೊರತೆಯನ್ನು ಇನ್ನೊಂದು ತುಂಬುತ್ತದೆ. (→ English: onshore; offshore; National Wind-Solar Hybrid Policy · हिन्दी: तटवर्ती; अपतटीय; राष्ट्रीय पवन-सौर हाइब्रिड नीति)

In exam EnglishWind turbines turn the force of moving air into electricity, and output rises steeply with wind speed, so location decides almost everything. Onshore farms stand on land, along coasts, on plateaus and in gaps in the Western Ghats; offshore farms stand in the sea, where winds are stronger and steadier but construction costs far more. Gujarat and Tamil Nadu have the most installed wind capacity. A National Offshore Wind Energy Policy came in 2015, with the first offshore zones identified off the coasts of Gujarat and Tamil Nadu. The National Wind-Solar Hybrid Policy of 2018 encourages plants that put turbines and panels on the same land and share one transmission line. The two sources fill each other's gaps: sunshine peaks at midday, while wind is often strong in the evening, at night and during the monsoon, when clouds cut solar output.

ಜಲವಿದ್ಯುತ್ತನ್ನು ಗಾತ್ರದ ಪ್ರಕಾರ ವಿಂಗಡಿಸಲಾಗಿದೆ: 25 MW ವರೆಗಿನ ಸಣ್ಣ ಜಲವಿದ್ಯುತ್ ನವೀಕರಿಸಬಹುದಾದ ಇಂಧನ ಸಚಿವಾಲಯದಡಿ, ದೊಡ್ಡವು ಇಂಧನ ಸಚಿವಾಲಯದಡಿ. 2019ರಲ್ಲಿ ದೊಡ್ಡ ಯೋಜನೆಗಳನ್ನೂ ನವೀಕರಿಸಬಹುದಾದವು ಎಂದು ಘೋಷಿಸಲಾಯಿತು, ಆದರೆ ಎರಡೂ ವರ್ಗಗಳು ಬೇರೆಯೇ. ಸಣ್ಣ ಯೋಜನೆ ಗುಡ್ಡದ ಹಳ್ಳದ ಮೇಲಿನ ಸಣ್ಣ ಗಿರಣಿಯಂತೆ; ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಭೂಮಿ ಮುಳುಗದು. ಕಬ್ಬು ಅರೆದ ನಂತರ ಉಳಿಯುವ ಸಿಪ್ಪೆಯಿಂದ ಸಕ್ಕರೆ ಕಾರ್ಖಾನೆಗಳು ವಿದ್ಯುತ್ ತೆಗೆಯುತ್ತವೆ; ಬೆಳೆ ತ್ಯಾಜ್ಯ, ನಗರದ ಕಸವೂ ಇಂಧನವೇ. ಭೂಮಿಯೊಳಗಿನ ಶಾಖ (ಲಡಾಖ್‌ನ ಪುಗಾ ಕಣಿವೆ), ಸಮುದ್ರದ ಉಬ್ಬರ (ಖಂಭಾತ್, ಕಚ್ ಕೊಲ್ಲಿಗಳು, ಸುಂದರಬನ) ಇನ್ನೂ ತುಂಬಾ ಸಣ್ಣವು. (→ English: small hydro; large hydro; bagasse cogeneration; geothermal energy; tidal energy · हिन्दी: लघु जलविद्युत; बड़ी जलविद्युत; खोई सह-उत्पादन; भू-तापीय ऊर्जा; ज्वारीय ऊर्जा)

In exam EnglishHydropower is divided by size. Small hydro projects of up to 25 MW come under the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy and have always counted as renewable; larger projects come under the Ministry of Power. In March 2019 large hydro was also declared renewable energy, so that it could get similar support, though the two categories stay separate. Small hydro suits hill streams and canal drops and floods little land. Bioenergy turns organic matter into power or fuel: sugar mills generate electricity from bagasse, the fibre left after crushing cane, through cogeneration, while other plants burn crop residue or city garbage. Geothermal energy, the earth's internal heat, has been explored at the Puga valley in Ladakh, and tidal energy is possible in the Gulfs of Khambhat and Kutch and in the Sundarbans; both remain small and largely untapped.
India's main renewable sources at a glance
SourceWhere it does bestKey policy or scheme
SolarSunny, dry regions such as Rajasthan and Gujarat; rooftops everywhereNational Solar Mission (2010), solar parks (2014), PM-KUSUM (2019), PM Surya Ghar (2024)
WindWindy coasts, plateaus and Ghat gaps; Gujarat and Tamil Nadu leadNational Offshore Wind Energy Policy (2015), National Wind-Solar Hybrid Policy (2018)
Small hydro (up to 25 MW)Himalayan and north-eastern hill streams, canal dropsUnder MNRE; large hydro declared renewable in 2019 but stays under the Ministry of Power
BioenergySugar belts, farm regions, city wasteBagasse cogeneration, biomass power, waste-to-energy
Geothermal and tidalPuga valley (Ladakh); Gulfs of Khambhat and Kutch, SundarbansSmall and largely untapped

ಬಿಸಿಲು, ಗಾಳಿ ನಮ್ಮ ಮಾತು ಕೇಳುವುದಿಲ್ಲ: ಸಂಜೆ ದೀಪ, ಫ್ಯಾನ್ ಹಾಕುವ ಹೊತ್ತಿಗೆ ಬಿಸಿಲು ಇರುವುದಿಲ್ಲ. ಆದ್ದರಿಂದ ಸಂಗ್ರಹಣೆ ಬೇಕು. ಬ್ಯಾಟರಿ ಎಂದರೆ ಮೊಬೈಲ್ ಚಾರ್ಜ್ ಮಾಡಿದಂತೆ: ವಿದ್ಯುತ್ ಹೆಚ್ಚಿದ್ದಾಗ ತುಂಬಿಸಿ, ನಂತರ ಬಳಸುವುದು. ಪಂಪ್ಡ್ ಸ್ಟೋರೇಜ್ ಹಳೆಯ ವಿಧಾನ: ಕೆಳಗೆ ಒಂದು ಕೆರೆ, ಮೇಲೆ ಒಂದು ಕೆರೆ ಎಂದು ಊಹಿಸಿ. ವಿದ್ಯುತ್ ಅಗ್ಗವಾಗಿದ್ದಾಗ ನೀರನ್ನು ಮೇಲಕ್ಕೆ ಎತ್ತಿ, ಬೇಕಾದಾಗ ಕೆಳಗೆ ಬಿಟ್ಟು ಟರ್ಬೈನ್ ತಿರುಗಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ. ಇದು ಒಂದು ದೊಡ್ಡ ಬ್ಯಾಟರಿಯಂತೆ. ಬಿಸಿಲು, ಗಾಳಿ ಹೆಚ್ಚಿರುವ ರಾಜ್ಯಗಳಿಂದ ದೂರಕ್ಕೆ ಒಯ್ಯಲು ಹಸಿರು ಇಂಧನ ಕಾರಿಡಾರ್ ಲೈನುಗಳನ್ನು ಹಾಕುತ್ತಾರೆ. (→ English: pumped storage; battery energy storage; Green Energy Corridor; intermittency · हिन्दी: पंप भंडारण; बैटरी ऊर्जा भंडारण; हरित ऊर्जा गलियारा; अनिरंतरता)

In exam EnglishSolar and wind are variable: output changes with the hour, the clouds and the season, and cannot be called up at the evening peak when lights and fans come on. A grid carrying much of such power must store energy and move it over long distances. Battery storage systems charge when power is plentiful and discharge later; in 2023 the government approved viability gap funding to help build them. pumped storage is the older method: when electricity is cheap, water is pumped from a lower reservoir to an upper one, and at peak hours it flows back down through turbines, so the pair of reservoirs behaves like a huge battery that can be recharged again and again. Transmission matters as much. Sun and wind are richest in a few states such as Rajasthan, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu, so Green Energy Corridor projects build dedicated lines to carry their power to distant users; a second phase was approved in January 2022.

ಹೈಡ್ರೋಜನ್ ಉರಿದರೆ ನೀರು ಮಾತ್ರ ಉಳಿಯುತ್ತದೆ; ನಿಜವಾದ ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆ ಅದನ್ನು ಹೇಗೆ ತಯಾರಿಸಿದರು ಎಂಬುದು. ಒಂದೇ ಹಾಲನ್ನು ಸೌದೆ ಒಲೆಯ ಮೇಲೂ ಸೌರ ಕುಕ್ಕರಿನಲ್ಲೂ ಕಾಯಿಸಿದಂತೆ: ಹಾಲು ಒಂದೇ, ಹೊಗೆ ಬೇರೆ. ನೈಸರ್ಗಿಕ ಅನಿಲದಿಂದ ಮಾಡಿ CO2 ಗಾಳಿಗೆ ಬಿಟ್ಟರೆ ಬೂದು, ಅದೇ CO2 ಹಿಡಿದು ಸಂಗ್ರಹಿಸಿದರೆ ನೀಲಿ, ನವೀಕರಿಸಬಹುದಾದ ವಿದ್ಯುತ್ತಿನಿಂದ ನೀರನ್ನು ವಿಭಜಿಸಿದರೆ ಹಸಿರು ಹೈಡ್ರೋಜನ್. ಸಂಸ್ಕರಣಾಗಾರ, ರಸಗೊಬ್ಬರ ಕಾರ್ಖಾನೆ, ಉಕ್ಕು, ಲಾರಿ, ಹಡಗುಗಳಲ್ಲಿ ಇದರ ಬಳಕೆ. ಹಸಿರು ಹೈಡ್ರೋಜನ್ ಅನ್ನು ಗಾಳಿಯ ಸಾರಜನಕದೊಂದಿಗೆ ಸೇರಿಸಿದರೆ ಹಸಿರು ಅಮೋನಿಯಾ. (→ English: grey hydrogen; blue hydrogen; green hydrogen; electrolyser; green ammonia · हिन्दी: धूसर हाइड्रोजन; नीला हाइड्रोजन; हरित हाइड्रोजन; इलेक्ट्रोलाइज़र; हरित अमोनिया)

In exam EnglishHydrogen is clean where it is used: burned, or used in a fuel cell, it leaves only water. What matters is how it is made, and the industry labels the methods with colours. Grey hydrogen, most of today's supply, is made from natural gas, and its carbon dioxide goes into the air. Blue hydrogen is made the same way, but the carbon dioxide is captured and stored. green hydrogen is made by splitting water into hydrogen and oxygen in an electrolyser run on renewable electricity, so almost no carbon is emitted. Its value lies in uses that electricity cannot easily reach: refineries and fertiliser plants, which already use grey hydrogen; steel making, where hydrogen can replace coal in removing oxygen from iron ore; and heavy trucks and ships. Green ammonia, made from green hydrogen and nitrogen from the air, can supply fertiliser plants or fuel ships.

2023ರ ಜನವರಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ರಾಷ್ಟ್ರೀಯ ಹಸಿರು ಹೈಡ್ರೋಜನ್ ಮಿಷನ್ ಬಂತು. ಗುರಿ: 2030ರೊಳಗೆ ವರ್ಷಕ್ಕೆ ಕನಿಷ್ಠ 50 ಲಕ್ಷ ಟನ್ ಹಸಿರು ಹೈಡ್ರೋಜನ್ ಉತ್ಪಾದನಾ ಸಾಮರ್ಥ್ಯ. ಹೆಚ್ಚಿನ ಹಣ SIGHT ಅಡಿಯಲ್ಲಿ ಎರಡು ಪ್ರೋತ್ಸಾಹಕಗಳಿಗೆ: ದೇಶದಲ್ಲೇ ಎಲೆಕ್ಟ್ರೋಲೈಸರ್ ಯಂತ್ರ ತಯಾರಿಕೆಗೆ ಒಂದು, ಹೈಡ್ರೋಜನ್ ಉತ್ಪಾದನೆಗೆ ಒಂದು. 'ಹಸಿರು' ಎಂದು ಯಾರು ನಿರ್ಧರಿಸುತ್ತಾರೆ? ವಸ್ತುವಿನ ಮೇಲಿನ ISI ಮುದ್ರೆಯಂತೆ ಒಂದು ಮಾನದಂಡ ಇಟ್ಟಿದ್ದಾರೆ: ಒಂದು ಕಿಲೋ ಹೈಡ್ರೋಜನ್‌ಗೆ 2 ಕಿಲೋಗಿಂತ ಹೆಚ್ಚು CO2 ಸಮಾನ ಬರಬಾರದು, 12 ತಿಂಗಳ ಸರಾಸರಿ. ಇದರಿಂದ ಹೊರಸೂಸುವಿಕೆ ಕಡಿಮೆ, ತೈಲ ಆಮದು ವೆಚ್ಚವೂ ಕಡಿಮೆ. (→ English: National Green Hydrogen Mission; SIGHT; Green Hydrogen Standard · हिन्दी: राष्ट्रीय हरित हाइड्रोजन मिशन; SIGHT; हरित हाइड्रोजन मानक)

In exam EnglishThe National Green Hydrogen Mission was approved by the Union Cabinet on 4 January 2023 with an initial outlay of ₹19,744 crore. Its headline target is a production capacity of at least 5 million tonnes of green hydrogen a year by 2030, backed by about 125 GW of additional renewable capacity. Most of the money goes to SIGHT, Strategic Interventions for Green Hydrogen Transition, which offers two separate incentives: one for making electrolysers in India and one for producing green hydrogen. The mission also funds pilot projects in steel, transport and shipping, and green hydrogen hubs. The Ministry of New and Renewable Energy is the nodal ministry. Its Green Hydrogen Standard of August 2023 says hydrogen counts as green only if producing it emits no more than 2 kg of carbon dioxide equivalent per kilogram, averaged over 12 months. The expected gains are lower emissions and a smaller fossil fuel import bill.

ಒಂದು ಯೂನಿಟ್ ವಿದ್ಯುತ್ ಉಳಿಸುವುದು ಹೊಸದಾಗಿ ಉತ್ಪಾದಿಸುವುದಕ್ಕಿಂತ ಹೆಚ್ಚಾಗಿ ಅಗ್ಗ. ಇದಕ್ಕೆ ಕಾನೂನು 2001ರ ಇಂಧನ ಸಂರಕ್ಷಣಾ ಕಾಯ್ದೆ; ಅದರಡಿ ಇಂಧನ ದಕ್ಷತಾ ಬ್ಯೂರೋ (ಇಂಧನ ಸಚಿವಾಲಯ). ಸಿಮೆಂಟ್, ಉಕ್ಕಿನಂತಹ ದೊಡ್ಡ ಉದ್ಯಮಗಳಿಗೆ ಗುರಿ ಕೊಡುತ್ತಾರೆ; ಪರೀಕ್ಷೆಯಲ್ಲಿ ಹೆಚ್ಚು ಅಂಕ ಪಡೆದ ವಿದ್ಯಾರ್ಥಿ ಹೆಚ್ಚುವರಿ ಅಂಕ ಮಾರಬಹುದಾದರೆ ಹೇಗೋ, ಹಾಗೆ PATನಲ್ಲಿ ಗುರಿ ದಾಟಿದ ಘಟಕ ಪ್ರಮಾಣಪತ್ರ ಮಾರಬಹುದು. ಫ್ರಿಜ್, ಎಸಿ ಮೇಲೆ ನಕ್ಷತ್ರ ಹೆಚ್ಚಿದ್ದರೆ ವಿದ್ಯುತ್ ಕಡಿಮೆ. ಉಜಾಲಾ ಅಗ್ಗವಾಗಿ LED ಬಲ್ಬು ಕೊಟ್ಟಿತು. 2022ರ ತಿದ್ದುಪಡಿಯಿಂದ ಕಾರ್ಬನ್ ಮಾರುಕಟ್ಟೆ, ಪಳೆಯುಳಿಕೆಯೇತರ ಇಂಧನ ಬಳಕೆ ಕಡ್ಡಾಯ, ದೊಡ್ಡ ಮನೆಗಳಿಗೂ ಕಟ್ಟಡ ನಿಯಮ ಬಂದವು. (→ English: Bureau of Energy Efficiency; designated consumer; Perform, Achieve and Trade; carbon market · हिन्दी: ऊर्जा दक्षता ब्यूरो; नामित उपभोक्ता; प्रदर्शन, उपलब्धि और व्यापार; कार्बन बाज़ार)

In exam EnglishSaving a unit of energy is often cheaper than producing one. The Energy Conservation Act, 2001 is the legal base, and under it the Bureau of Energy Efficiency was set up in 2002 under the Ministry of Power. The Act lets the government name energy-intensive industries, such as cement, steel and fertiliser units, as designated consumers who must report and cut their energy use. Under the Perform, Achieve and Trade scheme, part of the National Mission for Enhanced Energy Efficiency, a unit that beats its target earns energy saving certificates that it can sell to a unit that falls short. Star labels on appliances such as air conditioners show consumption, more stars meaning less power used; the Energy Conservation Building Code covers large commercial buildings; and UJALA (2015) sold cheap LED bulbs. The Energy Conservation (Amendment) Act, 2022 enables a carbon market through a carbon credit trading scheme, lets the government require designated consumers to use a minimum share of non-fossil energy, and brings large residential buildings under energy codes.

ಜೈವಿಕ ಇಂಧನ ಎಂದರೆ ಇತ್ತೀಚೆಗೆ ಜೀವಂತವಾಗಿದ್ದ ಸಸ್ಯ, ತ್ಯಾಜ್ಯದಿಂದ ಮಾಡುವ ಇಂಧನ, ಭೂಮಿಯೊಳಗೆ ಕೋಟ್ಯಂತರ ವರ್ಷ ಬಿದ್ದಿದ್ದ ತೈಲವಲ್ಲ. ಮೊದಲ ಪೀಳಿಗೆ: ಕಬ್ಬು, ಮೆಕ್ಕೆಜೋಳ, ಧಾನ್ಯ, ಎಣ್ಣೆಗಳಿಂದ. ಎರಡನೇ ಪೀಳಿಗೆ: ಭತ್ತದ ಹುಲ್ಲು, ಹತ್ತಿ ಕಡ್ಡಿಯಂತಹ ತಿನ್ನದ ತ್ಯಾಜ್ಯದಿಂದ (ಪಾಣಿಪತ್ ಘಟಕ). ಮೂರನೇ ಪೀಳಿಗೆ: ಪಾಚಿಯಿಂದ, ಇನ್ನೂ ಪ್ರಯೋಗ ಹಂತ. ಪೆಟ್ರೋಲಿನಲ್ಲಿ 20% ಎಥೆನಾಲ್ (E20) ಗುರಿಯನ್ನು 2030ರಿಂದ 2025-26ಕ್ಕೆ ಮುಂದೂಡಿದರು; 2025ರಲ್ಲಿ ತಲುಪಿದರು. SATAT ಕಸದಿಂದ ಜೈವಿಕ ಅನಿಲ. ಆದರೆ ಯೋಚಿಸಿ: ಅನ್ನವಾಗಬೇಕಾದ ಧಾನ್ಯ ಟ್ಯಾಂಕಿಗೆ ಹೋದರೆ? ಅದೇ ಆಹಾರವೋ ಇಂಧನವೋ ಎಂಬ ಪ್ರಶ್ನೆ. (→ English: biofuel; ethanol blending (E20); compressed biogas; Global Biofuels Alliance · हिन्दी: जैव ईंधन; एथेनॉल सम्मिश्रण (E20); संपीड़ित बायोगैस; वैश्विक जैव ईंधन गठबंधन)

In exam EnglishA biofuel is made from recently living matter rather than fossil deposits, and biofuels are grouped into generations by raw material. First-generation biofuels come from food crops: ethanol from sugarcane, maize or grain, and biodiesel from vegetable oils. Second-generation biofuels use non-food biomass such as rice straw and cotton stalks; India's first such ethanol plant, at Panipat, was dedicated in 2022. Third-generation biofuels come from algae and are still experimental. The National Policy on Biofuels, 2018 aimed at 20 per cent ethanol in petrol (E20) by 2030; a 2022 amendment advanced this to the ethanol supply year 2025–26, and the Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas announced in July 2025 that 20 per cent blending had been reached. SATAT (October 2018) promotes compressed biogas from farm and city waste for transport. India launched the Global Biofuels Alliance at the G20 summit in New Delhi in September 2023. The worry is food versus fuel: grain or cane turned into ethanol is not eaten, and sugarcane needs a lot of water.

ಇಡೀ ಭಾಗವನ್ನು ಒಂದು ಮನೆಯ ಬಜೆಟ್‌ನಂತೆ ನೋಡಿ. ಒಂದು: ಒಳ್ಳೆಯ ಆದಾಯದ ದಾರಿ, ಅಂದರೆ ಬಿಸಿಲು, ಗಾಳಿ, ಸಣ್ಣ ಜಲವಿದ್ಯುತ್, ಜೈವಿಕ ಶಕ್ತಿ. ಎರಡು: ಉಳಿತಾಯದ ಡಬ್ಬಿ, ಅಂದರೆ ಬ್ಯಾಟರಿ, ಪಂಪ್ಡ್ ಸ್ಟೋರೇಜ್, ಮಿಶ್ರ ಘಟಕ, ಕಾರಿಡಾರ್ ಲೈನುಗಳು. ಮೂರು: ಖರ್ಚು ಕಡಿತ, ಅಂದರೆ PAT, ನಕ್ಷತ್ರ ಲೇಬಲ್, LED. ನಾಲ್ಕು: ತಂತಿ ತಲುಪದ ಕಡೆ ಶುದ್ಧ ಇಂಧನ, ಅಂದರೆ ಹಸಿರು ಹೈಡ್ರೋಜನ್, ಎಥೆನಾಲ್, ಜೈವಿಕ ಅನಿಲ. ಇವೆಲ್ಲವೂ 2070ರ ನಿವ್ವಳ ಶೂನ್ಯ ಹೊರಸೂಸುವಿಕೆ ಗುರಿಗೆ ಮತ್ತು ಸುಸ್ಥಿರ ಅಭಿವೃದ್ಧಿ ಗುರಿ 7ಕ್ಕೆ ದಾರಿ. ಮುಂದಿನ ಭಾಗ ಕೃಷಿ. (→ English: net zero; SDG 7 · हिन्दी: नेट ज़ीरो; SDG 7)

In exam EnglishThis part's pieces form one strategy with four levers. The first is cleaner supply from solar, wind, small hydro and bioenergy, which, with large hydro and nuclear, took non-fossil sources past half of India's installed capacity in 2025. The second is a grid that can absorb variable power, through batteries, pumped storage, hybrid plants and Green Energy Corridor lines. The third is lower demand through efficiency: PAT certificates, star labels, building codes and LED bulbs. The fourth is cleaner fuels where wires cannot reach: green hydrogen for industry, and ethanol and compressed biogas for transport. All four serve India's 2030 targets and its goal of net zero emissions by 2070, taught in the climate change chapter, and Goal 7 of the Sustainable Development Goals, affordable and clean energy for all. Part 3 turns to agriculture, where the food-versus-fuel question returns.

Exam traps

Recap

Practice questions

Q1. The Bureau of Energy Efficiency functions under which of the following?

  1. Ministry of New and Renewable Energy
  2. Ministry of Power
  3. Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
  4. Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas
Show answer

Answer: B. Ministry of Power

Created in 2002 by the 2001 energy conservation law, the Bureau reports to the Ministry of Power. The renewable energy ministry handles solar, wind, small hydro and green hydrogen, the environment ministry handles pollution and forest law, and the petroleum ministry handles oil, gas and biofuel blending; none of them oversees the Bureau.

Q2. Consider the following statements:
1. Hydro projects of up to 25 MW capacity are handled by the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy.
2. In 2019 the government declared large hydro projects to be renewable energy.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

  1. 1 only
  2. 2 only
  3. Both 1 and 2
  4. Neither 1 nor 2
Show answer

Answer: C. Both 1 and 2

Both are correct: small hydro up to 25 MW sits with the renewable energy ministry, and in March 2019 large hydro was also declared renewable, though it stays with the Ministry of Power. Options 1 and 2 each leave out a true statement, and option 4 rejects both.

Q3. Consider the following pairs:
1. Grey hydrogen : made from natural gas, with the carbon dioxide released into the air
2. Blue hydrogen : made by electrolysis of water using nuclear power
3. Green hydrogen : made by electrolysis of water using renewable electricity
Which of the pairs given above is/are correctly matched?

  1. 1 and 2 only
  2. 2 and 3 only
  3. 1 and 3 only
  4. 1, 2 and 3
Show answer

Answer: C. 1 and 3 only

Pairs 1 and 3 are correct. Pair 2 is wrong: blue hydrogen is made from fossil fuel like grey hydrogen, but with the carbon dioxide captured and stored; it does not involve electrolysis. Options 1, 2 and 4 all include the wrong pair 2.

Q4. With reference to the National Green Hydrogen Mission, consider the following statements:
1. By 2030 it seeks the ability to turn out no less than 5 million tonnes of green hydrogen every year.
2. Its SIGHT programme offers separate incentives for manufacturing electrolysers and for producing green hydrogen.
3. The Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas is its nodal ministry.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

  1. 1 and 2 only
  2. 2 and 3 only
  3. 1 and 3 only
  4. 1, 2 and 3
Show answer

Answer: A. 1 and 2 only

Statements 1 and 2 are correct. Statement 3 is wrong: the nodal ministry is the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy. Options 2, 3 and 4 all include the false statement 3.

Q5. Which of the following schemes supports stand-alone solar pumps and small solar plants on barren land for farmers?

  1. PM Surya Ghar: Muft Bijli Yojana
  2. PM-KUSUM
  3. UJALA
  4. SATAT
Show answer

Answer: B. PM-KUSUM

PM-KUSUM (2019) is the farmers' solar scheme, covering small plants on barren land, stand-alone solar pumps and solarisation of grid-connected pumps. PM Surya Ghar subsidises rooftop panels on homes, UJALA distributed LED bulbs, and SATAT promotes compressed biogas plants.

Q6. Consider the following statements:
1. The Energy Conservation (Amendment) Act, 2022 enables the government to set up a carbon credit trading scheme.
2. The Bureau of Energy Efficiency was created by the Energy Conservation Act, 2001 under the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

  1. 1 only
  2. 2 only
  3. Both 1 and 2
  4. Neither 1 nor 2
Show answer

Answer: A. 1 only

Statement 1 is correct. Statement 2 is wrong: the Bureau was created under the 2001 Act, but it works under the Ministry of Power. Option 2 picks the false statement, option 3 includes it, and option 4 rejects the true statement 1.

Q7. Match List I with List II:
List I (biofuel)
A. First generation
B. Second generation
C. Third generation
List II (raw material)
1. Algae
2. Food crops such as sugarcane and grain
3. Crop residue such as rice straw
Select the correct answer using the code given below:

  1. A-2, B-3, C-1
  2. A-3, B-2, C-1
  3. A-2, B-1, C-3
  4. A-1, B-3, C-2
Show answer

Answer: A. A-2, B-3, C-1

First-generation biofuels use food crops, second-generation use non-food crop residue, and third-generation use algae, so A-2, B-3, C-1. Option 2 swaps the first two generations, option 3 gives algae to the second generation, and option 4 reverses the first and third.

Q8. In a pumped storage hydropower plant, which of the following happens?

  1. Water is pumped to an upper reservoir when power is surplus and released through turbines at peak demand
  2. Seawater is pumped into coastal reservoirs to generate electricity from tides
  3. Groundwater is pumped by solar pumps for irrigation during the day
  4. Hot water from deep wells is used to run steam turbines
Show answer

Answer: A. Water is pumped to an upper reservoir when power is surplus and released through turbines at peak demand

Pumped storage uses two reservoirs as a store of energy: water goes up when electricity is cheap and comes down through turbines at the peak. Option 2 describes tidal energy, option 3 describes solar irrigation pumps such as those under PM-KUSUM, and option 4 describes geothermal power.

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